{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2565274151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-3649","title":"Strategy and Policy Learning for Non-Task-Oriented Conversational Systems","display_name":"Strategy and Policy Learning for Non-Task-Oriented Conversational Systems","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2565274151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-3649","mag":"2565274151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w16-3649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-3649","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3649.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3649.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061025828","display_name":"Yu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-1137"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100527323","display_name":"Ziyu Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107337645","display_name":"Alan W. Black","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-8831"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan W Black","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040668817","display_name":"Alexander I. Rudnicky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2044-8446"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Rudnicky","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"404","last_page":"412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7375699877738953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6584601998329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-learning","display_name":"Policy learning","score":0.5891104936599731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.41024649143218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3668479919433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.17391905188560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1074317991733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.09150141477584839}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7375699877738953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6584601998329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779436431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30672407","display_name":"Policy learning","level":2,"score":0.5891104936599731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.41024649143218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3668479919433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.17391905188560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1074317991733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.09150141477584839}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w16-3649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-3649","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3649.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w16-3649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-3649","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-3649.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2565274151.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2565274151.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10957333","https://openalex.org/W1591706642","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W2037897789","https://openalex.org/W2088923570","https://openalex.org/W2099813784","https://openalex.org/W2105715011","https://openalex.org/W2113033979","https://openalex.org/W2117989772","https://openalex.org/W2141839844","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2160458012","https://openalex.org/W2163068732","https://openalex.org/W2231198303","https://openalex.org/W2250245054","https://openalex.org/W2251241778","https://openalex.org/W2438667436","https://openalex.org/W2498898247","https://openalex.org/W2562116539","https://openalex.org/W2574065282","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W3120421331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W3196817267"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,17,29],"propose":[1,69],"a":[2],"set":[3],"of":[4,84],"generic":[5],"conversational":[6],"strategies":[7,24],"to":[8,21,26],"handle":[9],"possible":[10],"system":[11],"breakdowns":[12],"in":[13,40,60],"non-task-oriented":[14],"dialog":[15,27],"systems.":[16],"also":[18],"design":[19],"policies":[20],"select":[22],"these":[23,42],"according":[25],"context.":[28],"combine":[30],"expert":[31],"knowledge":[32],"and":[33,55,63,81],"the":[34,51,56,79,85],"statistical":[35],"findings":[36],"derived":[37],"from":[38],"data":[39],"designing":[41],"policies.":[43],"The":[44],"policy":[45,54,59],"learned":[46],"via":[47],"reinforcement":[48],"learning":[49],"outperforms":[50],"random":[52],"selection":[53],"locally":[57],"greedy":[58],"both":[61,78],"simulated":[62],"real-world":[64],"settings.":[65],"In":[66],"addition,":[67],"we":[68],"three":[70],"metrics":[71],"for":[72],"conversation":[73],"quality":[74,83],"evaluation":[75],"which":[76],"consider":[77],"local":[80],"global":[82],"conversation.":[86]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}