{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2802105481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/s18-2005","title":"Examining Gender and Race Bias in Two Hundred Sentiment Analysis Systems","display_name":"Examining Gender and Race Bias in Two Hundred Sentiment Analysis Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2802105481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/s18-2005","mag":"2802105481"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/s18-2005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/s18-2005","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2005.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and\n          Computational Semantics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2005.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077738658","display_name":"Svetlana Kiritchenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-3918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Svetlana Kiritchenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033684482","display_name":"Saif M. Mohammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2716-7516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saif Mohammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077738658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.8182,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":386,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99648976,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"43","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7357323169708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6817358732223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6507675051689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.6062503457069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.5755451321601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5642706155776978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.5636791586875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"Gender bias","score":0.49943017959594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.47004905343055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4470238983631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semeval","display_name":"SemEval","score":0.42956024408340454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23711621761322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.14508101344108582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.09279721975326538}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7357323169708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6817358732223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6507675051689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6062503457069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.5755451321601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5642706155776978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5636791586875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.49943017959594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.47004905343055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4470238983631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44572571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7448970","display_name":"SemEval","level":3,"score":0.42956024408340454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23711621761322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.14508101344108582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09279721975326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/s18-2005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/s18-2005","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2005.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and\n          Computational Semantics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/s18-2005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/s18-2005","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2005.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and\n          Computational Semantics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802105481.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802105481.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486649854","https://openalex.org/W1495423578","https://openalex.org/W1648303880","https://openalex.org/W1904875463","https://openalex.org/W2022224322","https://openalex.org/W2026019770","https://openalex.org/W2040467972","https://openalex.org/W2095932468","https://openalex.org/W2111975591","https://openalex.org/W2147427185","https://openalex.org/W2156413587","https://openalex.org/W2160660844","https://openalex.org/W2252241921","https://openalex.org/W2468580921","https://openalex.org/W2473695717","https://openalex.org/W2483215953","https://openalex.org/W2511234952","https://openalex.org/W2624319794","https://openalex.org/W2741636242","https://openalex.org/W2765277740","https://openalex.org/W2771394542","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2805744755","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2950018712","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2963223838","https://openalex.org/W2963453196","https://openalex.org/W2963526187","https://openalex.org/W2963779314","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2964099336","https://openalex.org/W2964235839","https://openalex.org/W3083206818","https://openalex.org/W3106003309","https://openalex.org/W4293769992","https://openalex.org/W4295290093","https://openalex.org/W4301029487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988325893","https://openalex.org/W3029012650","https://openalex.org/W2776212826","https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W3214323197","https://openalex.org/W2805679416","https://openalex.org/W2805889480","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4385571880","https://openalex.org/W4321353415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2],"systems":[3,76,97],"can":[4],"inadvertently":[5],"accentuate":[6],"and":[7,64],"perpetuate":[8],"inappropriate":[9,16,33],"human":[10],"biases.":[11],"Past":[12],"work":[13],"on":[14,21],"examining":[15,32],"biases":[17,34,60],"has":[18],"largely":[19],"focused":[20],"just":[22],"individual":[23],"systems.":[24,36],"Further,":[25],"there":[26],"is":[27],"no":[28],"benchmark":[29],"dataset":[30,69],"for":[31,38,112],"in":[35,80,89],"Here":[37],"the":[39,44,68,96,120],"first":[40],"time,":[41],"we":[42],"present":[43],"Equity":[45],"Evaluation":[46],"Corpus":[47],"(EEC),":[48],"which":[49],"consists":[50],"of":[51,95],"8,640":[52],"English":[53],"sentences":[54],"carefully":[55],"chosen":[56],"to":[57,70],"tease":[58],"out":[59],"towards":[61],"certain":[62],"races":[63],"genders.":[65],"We":[66,91,118],"use":[67],"examine":[71],"219":[72],"automatic":[73],"sentiment":[74,109],"analysis":[75],"that":[77,93,102],"took":[78],"part":[79],"a":[81],"recent":[82],"shared":[83],"task,":[84],"SemEval-2018":[85],"Task":[86],"1":[87],"'Affect":[88],"Tweets'.":[90],"find":[92],"several":[94],"show":[98],"statistically":[99],"significant":[100],"bias;":[101],"is,":[103],"they":[104],"consistently":[105],"provide":[106],"slightly":[107],"higher":[108],"intensity":[110],"predictions":[111],"one":[113,116],"race":[114],"or":[115],"gender.":[117],"make":[119],"EEC":[121],"freely":[122],"available.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}