{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963524349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-2031","title":"Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models with a Gender-Equalizing Loss Function","display_name":"Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models with a Gender-Equalizing Loss Function","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963524349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-2031","mag":"2963524349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-2031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-2031","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-2031.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-2031.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090922071","display_name":"Yusu Qian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150149174","display_name":"Mercer University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bk7v425","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150149174"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108259","display_name":"Polymer Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01qj7t912","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108259"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusu Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Data Science New York University 60 Fifth Avenue New York, NY, 10012","Department of Computer Science New York University 251 Mercer St New York, NY, 10012","MetroTech Center Brooklyn, NY, 11201","School of Engineering New York University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data Science New York University 60 Fifth Avenue New York, NY, 10012","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science New York University 251 Mercer St New York, NY, 10012","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150149174","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MetroTech Center Brooklyn, NY, 11201","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108259"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004394596","display_name":"Urwa Muaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150149174","display_name":"Mercer University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bk7v425","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150149174"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108259","display_name":"Polymer Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01qj7t912","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108259"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Urwa Muaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering New York University","Center for Data Science New York University 60 Fifth Avenue New York, NY, 10012","MetroTech Center Brooklyn, NY, 11201","Department of Computer Science New York University 251 Mercer St New York, NY, 10012"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data Science New York University 60 Fifth Avenue New York, NY, 10012","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MetroTech Center Brooklyn, NY, 11201","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108259"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science New York University 251 Mercer St New York, NY, 10012","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150149174","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100700612","display_name":"Ben Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-4638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150149174","display_name":"Mercer University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bk7v425","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150149174"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108259","display_name":"Polymer Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01qj7t912","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108259"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["MetroTech Center Brooklyn, NY, 11201","School of Engineering New York University","Center for Data Science New York University 60 Fifth Avenue New York, NY, 10012","Department of Computer Science New York University 251 Mercer St New York, NY, 10012"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MetroTech Center Brooklyn, NY, 11201","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108259"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data Science New York University 60 Fifth Avenue New York, NY, 10012","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science New York University 251 Mercer St New York, NY, 10012","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150149174","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010090397","display_name":"Jae Won Hyun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150149174","display_name":"Mercer University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bk7v425","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150149174"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108259","display_name":"Polymer Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01qj7t912","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108259"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae Won Hyun","raw_affiliation_strings":["MetroTech Center Brooklyn, NY, 11201","School of Engineering New York University","Department of Computer Science New York University 251 Mercer St New York, NY, 10012","Center for Data Science New York University 60 Fifth Avenue New York, NY, 10012"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MetroTech Center Brooklyn, NY, 11201","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108259"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science New York University 251 Mercer St New York, NY, 10012","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150149174","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data Science New York University 60 Fifth Avenue New York, NY, 10012","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"223","last_page":"228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debiasing","display_name":"Debiasing","score":0.9885027408599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.8924466371536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7611904144287109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5890509486198425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5679176449775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"Gender bias","score":0.5545620918273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5344471335411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.47477030754089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.46513810753822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3948691487312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18879982829093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.11229285597801208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.09085160493850708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779458634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24963715","display_name":"Debiasing","level":2,"score":0.9885027408599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.8924466371536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7611904144287109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5890509486198425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5679176449775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.5545620918273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5344471335411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.47477030754089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.46513810753822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3948691487312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18879982829093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11229285597801208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.09085160493850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-2031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-2031","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-2031.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-2031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-2031","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-2031.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963524349.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963524349.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196214544","https://openalex.org/W1544827683","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2483215953","https://openalex.org/W2887768933","https://openalex.org/W2889624842","https://openalex.org/W2921633540","https://openalex.org/W2949615363","https://openalex.org/W2950018712","https://openalex.org/W2962787423","https://openalex.org/W2963612262","https://openalex.org/W3037697022","https://openalex.org/W3122810052","https://openalex.org/W3128232076"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169518243","https://openalex.org/W2252095989","https://openalex.org/W4322096525","https://openalex.org/W2551914602","https://openalex.org/W4281893144","https://openalex.org/W2105076537","https://openalex.org/W2787311093","https://openalex.org/W2921174581","https://openalex.org/W2084531783","https://openalex.org/W2020757772"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gender":[0],"bias":[1,60,73,105,129],"exists":[2],"in":[3,15,53,74,98,102,106,127],"natural":[4],"language":[5,9,75],"datasets":[6],"which":[7,42],"neural":[8],"models":[10,76],"tend":[11],"to":[12,38,44,84],"learn,":[13],"resulting":[14],"biased":[16],"text":[17],"generation.":[18],"In":[19,82],"this":[20],"research,":[21],"we":[22,63,110],"propose":[23],"a":[24,35,112],"debiasing":[25,86],"approach":[26,69],"based":[27],"on":[28],"the":[29,39,46,54],"loss":[30,40],"function":[31,41],"modification.":[32],"We":[33],"introduce":[34,111],"new":[36],"term":[37],"attempts":[43],"equalize":[45],"probabilities":[47],"of":[48,59,114],"male":[49],"and":[50,90,117,120],"female":[51],"words":[52],"output.":[55],"Using":[56],"an":[57],"array":[58],"evaluation":[61,130],"metrics,":[62],"provide":[64],"empirical":[65],"evidence":[66],"that":[67,122],"our":[68,94,118],"successfully":[70],"mitigates":[71],"gender":[72,104],"without":[77],"increasing":[78],"perplexity":[79],"by":[80],"much.":[81],"comparison":[83],"existing":[85,125],"strategies,":[87],"data":[88,115],"augmentation,":[89],"word":[91],"embedding":[92],"debiasing,":[93],"method":[95],"performs":[96],"better":[97],"several":[99],"aspects,":[100],"especially":[101],"reducing":[103],"occupation":[107],"words.":[108],"Finally,":[109],"combination":[113],"augmentation":[116],"approach,":[119],"show":[121],"it":[123],"outperforms":[124],"strategies":[126],"all":[128],"metrics.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
