{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899335602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1644","title":"A Corpus for Reasoning about Natural Language Grounded in Photographs","display_name":"A Corpus for Reasoning about Natural Language Grounded in Photographs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899335602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1644","mag":"2899335602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1644","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1644.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1644.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009625151","display_name":"Alane Suhr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alane Suhr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044","Cornell University, Ithaca, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074478403","display_name":"Stephanie Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-3723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland Department of Computer Science College Park, MD 20742"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland Department of Computer Science College Park, MD 20742","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019162204","display_name":"Ally Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ally Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057781371","display_name":"Iris Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iris Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044","Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057468947","display_name":"Huajun Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huajun Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047026141","display_name":"Yoav Artzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4605-6144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoav Artzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044","Cornell University, Ithaca, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University Department of Computer Science and Cornell Tech New York, NY 10044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009625151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.085,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95129717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6418","last_page":"6428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9735000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7703104019165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-compositionality","display_name":"Principle of compositionality","score":0.6445808410644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.64032381772995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.6108729243278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6068875789642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5849742889404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5661752223968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-reasoning","display_name":"Visual reasoning","score":0.4907720983028412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.48325735330581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.4648405909538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.4273691773414612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7703104019165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121375916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936559","display_name":"Principle of compositionality","level":2,"score":0.6445808410644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.64032381772995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.6108729243278503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6068875789642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5849742889404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5661752223968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4907720983028412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.48325735330581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4648405909538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.4273691773414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1644","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1644.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1811.00491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00491","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.00491","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2899335602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1811.00491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1811.00491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.00491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1644","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1644.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G105238394","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-1650441","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G206382340","display_name":"CRII: RI: Methods for Learning and Recovering Partially Embedded Logical Representations for Question Answering","funder_award_id":"1656998","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3447873124","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-1650441","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7031722743","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1650441","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G813645074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-165044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899335602.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899335602.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15689187","https://openalex.org/W1602500555","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1889081078","https://openalex.org/W1923162067","https://openalex.org/W1933349210","https://openalex.org/W1996418862","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2118781169","https://openalex.org/W2121678312","https://openalex.org/W2143890915","https://openalex.org/W2159149613","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251477123","https://openalex.org/W2251512949","https://openalex.org/W2560730294","https://openalex.org/W2561715562","https://openalex.org/W2578244897","https://openalex.org/W2597425697","https://openalex.org/W2606220156","https://openalex.org/W2608109911","https://openalex.org/W2741631785","https://openalex.org/W2743640935","https://openalex.org/W2768661419","https://openalex.org/W2785578203","https://openalex.org/W2793546384","https://openalex.org/W2835434549","https://openalex.org/W2883104598","https://openalex.org/W2890902815","https://openalex.org/W2912371042","https://openalex.org/W2914543347","https://openalex.org/W2938082352","https://openalex.org/W2950341522","https://openalex.org/W2952122856","https://openalex.org/W2962700105","https://openalex.org/W2962716332","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2962994687","https://openalex.org/W2963109634","https://openalex.org/W2963115613","https://openalex.org/W2963143606","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963188178","https://openalex.org/W2963202404","https://openalex.org/W2963223524","https://openalex.org/W2963224792","https://openalex.org/W2963245389","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963541336","https://openalex.org/W2963562989","https://openalex.org/W2963644680","https://openalex.org/W2963738360","https://openalex.org/W2963799607","https://openalex.org/W2963800628","https://openalex.org/W2963881583","https://openalex.org/W2963890019","https://openalex.org/W2963907629","https://openalex.org/W2963921132","https://openalex.org/W2964118342","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964127652","https://openalex.org/W2964154063","https://openalex.org/W2964252535","https://openalex.org/W2979727876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963530300","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2970608575","https://openalex.org/W1933349210","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2968124245","https://openalex.org/W2277195237","https://openalex.org/W2560730294","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2886641317","https://openalex.org/W2745461083","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2185175083","https://openalex.org/W1889081078","https://openalex.org/W2962964995","https://openalex.org/W3020257313","https://openalex.org/W2969862959","https://openalex.org/W2741631785","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2109586012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,53],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,14,42,49,64,97],"new":[3],"dataset":[4],"for":[5],"joint":[6,79],"reasoning":[7,22,91],"about":[8,48,82],"natural":[9,43],"language":[10,44],"and":[11,20,63,85],"images,":[12],"with":[13,33],"focus":[15],"on":[16],"semantic":[17],"diversity,":[18],"compositionality,":[19],"visual":[21,90],"challenges.":[23],"The":[24,36],"data":[25,56,76,95],"contains":[26],"107,292":[27],"examples":[28],"of":[29,51,59],"English":[30],"sentences":[31],"paired":[32],"web":[34],"photographs.":[35,52],"task":[37,66],"is":[38,46],"to":[39,67],"determine":[40],"whether":[41],"caption":[45],"true":[47],"pair":[50],"crowdsource":[54],"the":[55,75,94],"using":[57,88],"sets":[58],"visually":[60],"rich":[61],"images":[62],"compare-and-contrast":[65],"elicit":[68],"linguistically":[69],"diverse":[70],"language.":[71],"Qualitative":[72],"analysis":[73],"shows":[74,93],"requires":[77],"compositional":[78],"reasoning,":[80],"including":[81],"quantities,":[83],"comparisons,":[84],"relations.":[86],"Evaluation":[87],"state-of-the-art":[89],"methods":[92],"presents":[96],"strong":[98],"challenge.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
