{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947415936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1561","title":"Combating Adversarial Misspellings with Robust Word Recognition","display_name":"Combating Adversarial Misspellings with Robust Word Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947415936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1561","mag":"2947415936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1561","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1561.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1561.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056959868","display_name":"Danish Pruthi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danish Pruthi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055033421","display_name":"Bhuwan Dhingra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6874-9515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhuwan Dhingra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029448258","display_name":"Zachary C. Lipton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-4241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary C. Lipton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056959868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.042,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":273,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99618584,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5582","last_page":"5591"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8112339377403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7171906232833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6019994020462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5741453170776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"Spelling","score":0.48373106122016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.47838321328163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4779933989048004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4726887047290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4466964602470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.4113664925098419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3831425905227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10457658767700195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8112339377403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7171906232833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6019994020462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5741453170776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.48373106122016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.47838321328163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4779933989048004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4726887047290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4466964602470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.4113664925098419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3831425905227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10457658767700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1561","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1561.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1561","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1561.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947415936.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947415936.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131533222","https://openalex.org/W1488799751","https://openalex.org/W1598571137","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2010595692","https://openalex.org/W2016871293","https://openalex.org/W2057900969","https://openalex.org/W2098297786","https://openalex.org/W2113459411","https://openalex.org/W2118137541","https://openalex.org/W2125825154","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2251939518","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2562979205","https://openalex.org/W2607219512","https://openalex.org/W2766108848","https://openalex.org/W2767899794","https://openalex.org/W2777353073","https://openalex.org/W2786118190","https://openalex.org/W2798665661","https://openalex.org/W2811010710","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2899508708","https://openalex.org/W2962713901","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963661177","https://openalex.org/W2963746123","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963969878","https://openalex.org/W2964132420","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W3000705115"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161008081","https://openalex.org/W2100947578","https://openalex.org/W4298186509","https://openalex.org/W2556702969","https://openalex.org/W217221262","https://openalex.org/W611030372","https://openalex.org/W1974418053","https://openalex.org/W2021532426","https://openalex.org/W2081317458","https://openalex.org/W2530486443"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"combat":[1],"adversarial":[2,78],"spelling":[3],"mistakes,":[4,51],"we":[5,132],"propose":[6],"placing":[7],"a":[8,85,92,129],"word":[9,19,113],"recognition":[10,20,114],"model":[11,87],"in":[12],"front":[13],"of":[14],"the":[15,24,63,73,134],"downstream":[16,74],"classifier.":[17],"Our":[18,103,121],"models":[21],"build":[22],"upon":[23,128],"RNN":[25],"semicharacter":[26],"architecture,":[27],"introducing":[28],"several":[29],"new":[30],"backoff":[31],"strategies":[32],"for":[33,89],"handling":[34],"rare":[35],"and":[36,49,80],"unseen":[37],"words.":[38],"Trained":[39],"to":[40,101,107],"recognize":[41],"words":[42],"corrupted":[43],"by":[44],"random":[45],"adds,":[46],"drops,":[47],"swaps,":[48],"keyboard":[50],"our":[52,68],"method":[53],"achieves":[54],"32%":[55],"relative":[56],"(and":[57],"3.3%":[58],"absolute)":[59],"error":[60],"reduction":[61],"over":[62],"vanilla":[64],"semi-character":[65],"model.":[66],"Notably,":[67],"pipeline":[69],"confers":[70],"robustness":[71,125],"on":[72],"classifier,":[75],"outperforming":[76],"both":[77],"training":[79],"off-the-shelf":[81],"spell":[82],"checkers.":[83],"Against":[84],"BERT":[86],"fine-tuned":[88],"sentiment":[90],"analysis,":[91],"single":[93],"adversarially-chosen":[94],"character":[95],"attack":[96],"lowers":[97],"accuracy":[98,106],"from":[99],"90.3%":[100],"45.8%.":[102],"defense":[104],"restores":[105],"75%":[108],"1":[109],".":[110],"Surprisingly,":[111],"better":[112],"does":[115],"not":[116],"always":[117],"entail":[118],"greater":[119],"robustness.":[120],"analysis":[122],"reveals":[123],"that":[124,131],"also":[126],"depends":[127],"quantity":[130],"denote":[133],"sensitivity.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
