{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2951756287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1517","title":"Quantity Tagger: A Latent-Variable Sequence Labeling Approach to Solving Addition-Subtraction Word Problems","display_name":"Quantity Tagger: A Latent-Variable Sequence Labeling Approach to Solving Addition-Subtraction Word Problems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2951756287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1517","mag":"2951756287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1517","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1517.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1517.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077926417","display_name":"Yanyan Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8153-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanyan Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["StatNLP Research Group Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"StatNLP Research Group Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045807606","display_name":"Wei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-0382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["StatNLP Research Group Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"StatNLP Research Group Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077926417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.867,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80716503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5246","last_page":"5251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7234228253364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6991970539093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.6756546497344971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.6584151387214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subtraction","display_name":"Subtraction","score":0.6354846954345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.6121858358383179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable","display_name":"Latent variable","score":0.6006912589073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"Sequence labeling","score":0.5661855340003967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.5462443828582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5180230736732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4901748299598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable-model","display_name":"Latent variable model","score":0.4407424032688141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.41593942046165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4107131361961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3644205331802368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27509814500808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.26945701241493225}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7234228253364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6991970539093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6756546497344971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6584151387214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68060419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40754","display_name":"Subtraction","level":2,"score":0.6354846954345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6121858358383179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.6006912589073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.5661855340003967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5462443828582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5180230736732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4901748299598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65965080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806885","display_name":"Latent variable model","level":3,"score":0.4407424032688141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.41593942046165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4107131361961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3644205331802368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27509814500808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.26945701241493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1517","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1517.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1517","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1517.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6231721661","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PIE-SGP-AI-2018-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324110","funder_display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324110","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951756287.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951756287.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013938288","https://openalex.org/W2016089260","https://openalex.org/W2051434435","https://openalex.org/W2105717194","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2135747859","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2158188757","https://openalex.org/W2251349042","https://openalex.org/W2251935656","https://openalex.org/W2252202991","https://openalex.org/W2276364082","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2510828927","https://openalex.org/W2604668619","https://openalex.org/W2757276219","https://openalex.org/W2788411903","https://openalex.org/W2946707294","https://openalex.org/W2962970011","https://openalex.org/W2963510263","https://openalex.org/W2963576969","https://openalex.org/W2971688489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2461917396","https://openalex.org/W1966667550","https://openalex.org/W2037497866","https://openalex.org/W4243467573","https://openalex.org/W1502435251","https://openalex.org/W62001224","https://openalex.org/W3032390039","https://openalex.org/W1584341211","https://openalex.org/W3122667150","https://openalex.org/W2997963628"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"arithmetic":[1],"word":[2],"problem":[3,18],"typically":[4],"includes":[5],"a":[6,43,59,75],"textual":[7],"description":[8],"containing":[9],"several":[10],"constant":[11],"quantities.":[12],"The":[13],"key":[14],"to":[15,20,37,62,114],"solving":[16],"the":[17,22,81,85],"is":[19],"reveal":[21],"underlying":[23],"mathematical":[24,66],"relations":[25,53],"(such":[26],"as":[27],"addition":[28],"and":[29,33,103],"subtraction)":[30],"among":[31],"quantities,":[32],"then":[34],"generate":[35],"equations":[36],"find":[38],"solutions.":[39],"This":[40],"work":[41],"presents":[42],"novel":[44],"approach,":[45],"Quantity":[46],"Tagger,":[47],"that":[48,98],"automatically":[49],"discovers":[50],"such":[51],"hidden":[52],"by":[54],"tagging":[55],"each":[56,69],"quantity":[57,78,82],"with":[58],"sign":[60],"corresponding":[61],"one":[63],"type":[64],"of":[65,106],"operation.":[67],"For":[68],"quantity,":[70],"we":[71],"assume":[72],"there":[73],"exists":[74],"latent,":[76],"variable-sized":[77],"span":[79],"surrounding":[80],"token":[83],"in":[84],"text,":[86],"which":[87],"conveys":[88],"information":[89],"useful":[90],"for":[91],"determining":[92],"its":[93],"sign.":[94],"Empirical":[95],"results":[96],"show":[97],"our":[99],"method":[100],"achieves":[101],"5":[102],"8":[104],"points":[105],"accuracy":[107],"gains":[108],"on":[109],"two":[110],"datasets":[111],"respectively,":[112],"compared":[113],"prior":[115],"approaches.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}