{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2953287808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1269","title":"Putting Evaluation in Context: Contextual Embeddings Improve Machine Translation Evaluation","display_name":"Putting Evaluation in Context: Contextual Embeddings Improve Machine Translation Evaluation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2953287808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1269","mag":"2953287808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1269","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1269.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1269.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007765266","display_name":"Nitika Mathur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nitika Mathur","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103085805","display_name":"Timothy Baldwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4445-1386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Baldwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078530959","display_name":"Trevor Cohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4363-1673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor Cohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007765266"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3207,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96493025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2799","last_page":"2808"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8376198410987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7849833965301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.7502875328063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.732232391834259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.7262246608734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6958146095275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6878251433372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.652309775352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5770043134689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5379844903945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5167433619499207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4646584093570709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3928248882293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3293447494506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0645117461681366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8376198410987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7849833965301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.7502875328063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.732232391834259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.7262246608734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6958146095275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6878251433372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.652309775352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5770043134689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5379844903945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5167433619499207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4646584093570709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3928248882293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3293447494506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0645117461681366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1269","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1269.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1269","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1269.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320974","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953287808.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953287808.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W155101268","https://openalex.org/W2028176545","https://openalex.org/W2096268847","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2123301721","https://openalex.org/W2127331160","https://openalex.org/W2149327368","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2162499915","https://openalex.org/W2250234233","https://openalex.org/W2250342921","https://openalex.org/W2250597803","https://openalex.org/W2250875036","https://openalex.org/W2251994258","https://openalex.org/W2257408573","https://openalex.org/W2260677151","https://openalex.org/W2294699749","https://openalex.org/W2331726854","https://openalex.org/W2333897677","https://openalex.org/W2512848817","https://openalex.org/W2512924740","https://openalex.org/W2593833795","https://openalex.org/W2600463316","https://openalex.org/W2608787653","https://openalex.org/W2756675635","https://openalex.org/W2760656271","https://openalex.org/W2760738985","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2903193068","https://openalex.org/W2903376039","https://openalex.org/W2915756181","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962958286","https://openalex.org/W2963241825","https://openalex.org/W2963323070","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W4294170691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2468279273","https://openalex.org/W2354198838","https://openalex.org/W1989130879","https://openalex.org/W2103419012","https://openalex.org/W2988126442","https://openalex.org/W1974414866","https://openalex.org/W2057568687","https://openalex.org/W2063982682","https://openalex.org/W2883671469","https://openalex.org/W2728761353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate,":[0],"automatic":[1],"evaluation":[2],"of":[3],"machine":[4],"translation":[5,36],"is":[6],"critical":[7],"for":[8],"system":[9],"tuning,":[10],"and":[11,23,37,56,59],"evaluating":[12],"progress":[13],"in":[14,51],"the":[15,35,52,76],"field.":[16],"We":[17,40],"proposed":[18],"a":[19,64],"simple":[20],"unsupervised":[21],"metric,":[22],"additional":[24],"supervised":[25],"metrics":[26,50,74],"which":[27],"rely":[28],"on":[29,75],"contextual":[30],"word":[31],"embeddings":[32],"to":[33],"encode":[34],"reference":[38],"sentences.":[39],"find":[41],"that":[42],"these":[43],"models":[44],"rival":[45],"or":[46],"surpass":[47],"all":[48,72],"existing":[49,73],"WMT":[53,77],"2017":[54,78],"sentence-level":[55],"systemlevel":[57],"tracks,":[58],"our":[60],"trained":[61],"model":[62],"has":[63],"substantially":[65],"higher":[66],"correlation":[67],"with":[68],"human":[69],"judgements":[70],"than":[71],"to-English":[79],"sentence":[80],"level":[81],"dataset.":[82]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}