{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2948897098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1027","title":"Sequence Tagging with Contextual and Non-Contextual Subword Representations: A Multilingual Evaluation","display_name":"Sequence Tagging with Contextual and Non-Contextual Subword Representations: A Multilingual Evaluation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2948897098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1027","mag":"2948897098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1027","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1027.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1027.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073408576","display_name":"Benjamin Heinzerling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126580","display_name":"RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project","ror":"https://ror.org/03ckxwf91","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110652","https://openalex.org/I4210126580"]}],"countries":["GB","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Heinzerling","raw_affiliation_strings":["RIKEN AIP & Tohoku University","University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RIKEN AIP & Tohoku University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126580","https://openalex.org/I201537933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020347604","display_name":"Michael Strube","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-8142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71030271","display_name":"Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7bcy98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71030271"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Strube","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies gGmbH","Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies gGmbH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71030271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71030271"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"273","last_page":"291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8116483092308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7189512252807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5781679153442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5732349753379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.5549861192703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5342152714729309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"Sequence labeling","score":0.4447764754295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.4379446506500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07722461223602295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8116483092308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7189512252807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5781679153442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5732349753379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.5549861192703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5342152714729309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.4447764754295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4379446506500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07722461223602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1027","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1027.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1906.01569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01569","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.01569","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2948897098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1906.01569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.01569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.01569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1027","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1027.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3424576390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GRK 1994","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G481299621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GRK 1994/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324316","display_name":"Klaus Tschira Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/052jep661"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2948897098.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2948897098.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36903255","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1978400666","https://openalex.org/W2004384146","https://openalex.org/W2020278455","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2096765155","https://openalex.org/W2132339004","https://openalex.org/W2143995218","https://openalex.org/W2144087279","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2170973209","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251012068","https://openalex.org/W2279316390","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2507974895","https://openalex.org/W2555428947","https://openalex.org/W2787560479","https://openalex.org/W2880875857","https://openalex.org/W2889326414","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2915685186","https://openalex.org/W2962685689","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963250244","https://openalex.org/W2963324947","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963625095","https://openalex.org/W2963940534","https://openalex.org/W2964090065","https://openalex.org/W2964185534","https://openalex.org/W2964308564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951899185","https://openalex.org/W2955483668","https://openalex.org/W3038830413","https://openalex.org/W2952911134","https://openalex.org/W3191943001","https://openalex.org/W2902755746","https://openalex.org/W3119145505","https://openalex.org/W2967453594","https://openalex.org/W3097370230","https://openalex.org/W2728069591","https://openalex.org/W2992507359","https://openalex.org/W3042381743","https://openalex.org/W3024227094","https://openalex.org/W3153886127","https://openalex.org/W2753860194","https://openalex.org/W3015281440","https://openalex.org/W2903725965","https://openalex.org/W3009459039","https://openalex.org/W3195021478","https://openalex.org/W3120465463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pretrained":[0],"contextual":[1,59],"and":[2,55,57,69],"non-contextual":[3,50],"subword":[4,51],"embeddings":[5],"have":[6],"become":[7],"available":[8],"in":[9],"over":[10],"250":[11],"languages,":[12],"allowing":[13],"massively":[14],"multilingual":[15,65],"NLP.":[16],"However,":[17],"while":[18],"there":[19],"is":[20],"no":[21],"dearth":[22],"of":[23,29],"pretrained":[24],"embeddings,":[25,52],"the":[26],"distinct":[27],"lack":[28],"systematic":[30],"evaluations":[31],"makes":[32],"it":[33],"difficult":[34],"for":[35],"practitioners":[36],"to":[37],"choose":[38],"between":[39],"them.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"work,":[43],"we":[44],"conduct":[45],"an":[46],"extensive":[47],"evaluation":[48],"comparing":[49],"namely":[53,62],"FastText":[54],"BPEmb,":[56],"a":[58],"representation":[60],"method,":[61],"BERT,":[63],"on":[64],"named":[66],"entity":[67],"recognition":[68],"part-of-speech":[70],"tagging.":[71]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}