{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2798833929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1116","title":"Forest-Based Neural Machine Translation","display_name":"Forest-Based Neural Machine Translation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2798833929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1116","mag":"2798833929"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p18-1116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1116","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1116.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1116.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101805835","display_name":"Chunpeng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5454-739X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["CN","JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunpeng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102926384","display_name":"Akihiro Tamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4622-7713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43545212","display_name":"Ehime University","ror":"https://ror.org/017hkng22","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43545212"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akihiro Tamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43545212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021667085","display_name":"Masao Utiyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-9245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masao Utiyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038560914","display_name":"Tiejun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1754-5416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiejun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033318800","display_name":"Eiichiro Sumita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1028-4399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eiichiro Sumita","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101805835"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I90023481"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0309,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89751751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.9049726128578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.820167064666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.6895902752876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6709064841270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.6704793572425842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.599850058555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5877866744995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3538685441017151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.34979167580604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07216644287109375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.9049726128578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.820167064666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6895902752876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6709064841270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.6704793572425842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.599850058555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5877866744995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3538685441017151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34979167580604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07216644287109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p18-1116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1116","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1116.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p18-1116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1116","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1116.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1069223013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAKENHI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1712057025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91520204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2614383054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP18K1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3208063440","display_name":"\u9ad8\u6e29\u9ad8\u5727\u84b8\u6c17\u306e\u65b0\u72b6\u614b\u5f0f\u306e\u4f5c\u6210\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76(\u7d992\u5e74)","funder_award_id":"52020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3881918265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015AA015405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4227499671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KAKENHI Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4512977221","display_name":"Forest-based neural machine translation for improving translation performance between distant language pairs","funder_award_id":"18K18110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4616633230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"15202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4636223006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G486241682","display_name":"\u82b1\u30b3\u30a6\u5ca9\u306e\u5909\u5f62\u3068\u98a8\u5316\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"91520","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5786340949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KAKENHI Grant Number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8430481527","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316083","display_name":"Tencent","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335773","display_name":"National High-tech Research and Development Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335839","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2798833929.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2798833929.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6908809","https://openalex.org/W222053410","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1869752048","https://openalex.org/W1979495315","https://openalex.org/W2032370604","https://openalex.org/W2063123613","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2110104386","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2132382844","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2134729743","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2586524454","https://openalex.org/W2586559132","https://openalex.org/W2594047108","https://openalex.org/W2594229957","https://openalex.org/W2604164736","https://openalex.org/W2739894144","https://openalex.org/W2963069010","https://openalex.org/W2963073938","https://openalex.org/W2963355447","https://openalex.org/W2963520382","https://openalex.org/W2963593215","https://openalex.org/W2963648186","https://openalex.org/W2963661253","https://openalex.org/W2963876447","https://openalex.org/W2963888305","https://openalex.org/W2963913268","https://openalex.org/W2964308564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011059803","https://openalex.org/W579810227","https://openalex.org/W2952780262","https://openalex.org/W2979495269","https://openalex.org/W3151736118","https://openalex.org/W2392917763","https://openalex.org/W2083429127","https://openalex.org/W4362495644","https://openalex.org/W2358855848","https://openalex.org/W2883671469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tree-based":[0],"neural":[1],"machine":[2,37],"translation":[3,29,38],"(NMT)":[4],"approaches,":[5],"although":[6],"achieved":[7],"impressive":[8],"performance,":[9],"suffer":[10],"from":[11],"a":[12,66,72,77,82],"major":[13],"drawback:":[14],"they":[15],"only":[16],"use":[17],"the":[18,24,90,98],"1best":[19],"parse":[20],"tree":[21],"to":[22,32,45],"direct":[23],"translation,":[25],"which":[26],"potentially":[27],"introduces":[28],"mistakes":[30],"due":[31],"parsing":[33],"errors.":[34],"For":[35],"statistical":[36],"(SMT),":[39],"forestbased":[40],"methods":[41],"have":[42],"been":[43,61],"proven":[44],"be":[46],"effective":[47],"for":[48,53],"solving":[49],"this":[50,55],"problem,":[51],"while":[52],"NMT":[54,68,84],"kind":[56],"of":[57,89,97],"approach":[58],"has":[59],"not":[60],"attempted.":[62],"This":[63],"paper":[64],"proposes":[65],"forest-based":[67,104],"method":[69,92],"that":[70,96],"translates":[71],"linearized":[73],"packed":[74],"forest":[75],"under":[76],"simple":[78],"sequence-to-sequence":[79],"framework":[80],"(i.e.,":[81],"forest-to-string":[83],"model).":[85],"The":[86],"BLEU":[87],"score":[88],"proposed":[91],"is":[93],"higher":[94],"than":[95],"string-to-string":[99],"NMT,":[100,102],"treebased":[101],"and":[103],"SMT":[105],"systems.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
