{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2962696859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1006","title":"Triangular Architecture for Rare Language Translation","display_name":"Triangular Architecture for Rare Language Translation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2962696859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1006","mag":"2962696859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p18-1006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1006","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1006.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1006.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010323000","display_name":"Shuo Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing, Beijing, China","SKLSDE Lab, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLSDE Lab, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103103242","display_name":"Wenhu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8609-7821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101635405","display_name":"Shujie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0785-8882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research in Asia, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research in Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100399461","display_name":"Mu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4433-2301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research in Asia, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research in Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701574","display_name":"Ming Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-1996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research in Asia, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research in Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006980420","display_name":"Shuai Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-0443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing, Beijing, China","SKLSDE Lab, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLSDE Lab, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010323000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198","https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0463,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93340596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"56","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7572486996650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7528343796730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7522456645965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.6505475044250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6091161966323853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5283834338188171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4674587845802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3258334696292877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7572486996650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7528343796730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7522456645965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.6505475044250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6091161966323853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5283834338188171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4674587845802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3258334696292877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p18-1006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1006","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1006.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p18-1006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1006","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1006.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1828425977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"973 Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3935756157","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"142100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5029846496","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U163621","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5152102630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1636210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5171771356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014CB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5546425213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014CB340300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6426900302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"340300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8055127673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61421003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962696859.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962696859.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11511616","https://openalex.org/W22168010","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1753482797","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2153653739","https://openalex.org/W2183998037","https://openalex.org/W2184135559","https://openalex.org/W2252272516","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2546938941","https://openalex.org/W2561274697","https://openalex.org/W2594639291","https://openalex.org/W2610245951","https://openalex.org/W2740433069","https://openalex.org/W2962801832","https://openalex.org/W2963088995","https://openalex.org/W2963109507","https://openalex.org/W2963216553","https://openalex.org/W2963247703","https://openalex.org/W2963331137","https://openalex.org/W2963463964","https://openalex.org/W2963736842","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W4232023503","https://openalex.org/W4241645538","https://openalex.org/W4307459710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011059803","https://openalex.org/W2775554247","https://openalex.org/W2883671469","https://openalex.org/W2728761353","https://openalex.org/W2110168585","https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W2250213760","https://openalex.org/W4386247111","https://openalex.org/W4327642362","https://openalex.org/W2587014613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"Machine":[1],"Translation":[2],"(NMT)":[3],"performs":[4],"poor":[5],"on":[6,111],"the":[7,53,67,86,90,105],"low-resource":[8],"language":[9,24],"pair":[10],"(X,":[11,45,94],"Z),":[12],"especially":[13],"when":[14],"Z":[15,63,75],"is":[16,64],"a":[17,29,80],"rare":[18,109],"language.":[19],"By":[20],"introducing":[21],"another":[22],"rich":[23],"Y":[25,46,95],",":[26],"we":[27],"propose":[28],"novel":[30],"triangular":[31,61],"training":[32],"architecture":[33],"(TA-NMT)":[34],"to":[35,51],"leverage":[36],"bilingual":[37],"data":[38],"(Y,":[39],"Z)":[40],"(may":[41],"be":[42,49],"small)":[43],"and":[44,71,113,116],")":[47],"(can":[48],"rich)":[50],"improve":[52],"translation":[54,72,91,106],"performance":[55,120],"of":[56,74,88,93,108],"lowresource":[57],"pairs.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"architecture,":[62],"taken":[65],"as":[66],"intermediate":[68],"latent":[69],"variable,":[70],"models":[73],"are":[76],"jointly":[77],"optimized":[78],"with":[79],"unified":[81],"bidirectional":[82],"EM":[83],"algorithm":[84],"under":[85],"goal":[87],"maximizing":[89],"likelihood":[92],").":[96],"Empirical":[97],"results":[98],"demonstrate":[99],"that":[100],"our":[101],"method":[102],"significantly":[103],"improves":[104],"quality":[107],"languages":[110],"MultiUN":[112],"IWSLT2012":[114],"datasets,":[115],"achieves":[117],"even":[118],"better":[119],"combining":[121],"back-translation":[122],"methods.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}