{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2609011624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p17-2021","title":"Towards String-To-Tree Neural Machine Translation","display_name":"Towards String-To-Tree Neural Machine Translation","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2609011624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p17-2021","mag":"2609011624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p17-2021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p17-2021","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2021.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for\n          Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2021.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027223654","display_name":"Roee Aharoni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roee Aharoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028476919","display_name":"Yoav Goldberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6497-829X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoav Goldberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027223654"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96591065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"132","last_page":"140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.8389774560928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8337618112564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.8272079825401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6954099535942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax-tree","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","score":0.6951580047607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6624947786331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.6235960721969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.6201225519180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5992609262466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5852780342102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.5480291843414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-of-machine-translation","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","score":0.5310445427894592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.5077853798866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.47218433022499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bleu","display_name":"BLEU","score":0.4624749422073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax","display_name":"Abstract syntax","score":0.4339744448661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.41195154190063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.3195788860321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation-software-usability","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","score":0.1716163456439972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1573963463306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06910654902458191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.8389774560928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8337618112564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.8272079825401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6954099535942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.6951580047607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6624947786331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.6235960721969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6201225519180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5992609262466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5852780342102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5480291843414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135784402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6958279","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","level":5,"score":0.5310445427894592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.5077853798866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.47218433022499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C622187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3500773","display_name":"BLEU","level":3,"score":0.4624749422073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114408938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333373","display_name":"Abstract syntax","level":3,"score":0.4339744448661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.41195154190063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.3195788860321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148526163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723733","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","level":4,"score":0.1716163456439972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1573963463306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06910654902458191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p17-2021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p17-2021","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2021.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for\n          Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1704.04743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04743","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.04743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2609011624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.04743.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1704.04743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1704.04743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/p17-2021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p17-2021","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-2021.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for\n          Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326823","display_name":"Intel Collaboration Research Institute for Computational Intelligence","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2609011624.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2609011624.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6908809","https://openalex.org/W1551202288","https://openalex.org/W1753482797","https://openalex.org/W1916559533","https://openalex.org/W2108540317","https://openalex.org/W2124807415","https://openalex.org/W2152263452","https://openalex.org/W2165666205","https://openalex.org/W2418388682","https://openalex.org/W2512924740","https://openalex.org/W2563574619","https://openalex.org/W2751262944","https://openalex.org/W2949888546","https://openalex.org/W2949970154","https://openalex.org/W2950694022","https://openalex.org/W2951883919","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2962801832","https://openalex.org/W2963069010","https://openalex.org/W2963073938","https://openalex.org/W2963355447","https://openalex.org/W2964308564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2963648186","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W1753482797","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2410082850","https://openalex.org/W2306852879","https://openalex.org/W2951883919","https://openalex.org/W2949888546","https://openalex.org/W2124807415","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2612881151","https://openalex.org/W2563574619","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2949335953","https://openalex.org/W2610661645","https://openalex.org/W2952315335","https://openalex.org/W2100664567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,14,41],"simple":[3],"method":[4],"to":[5,40,69,80],"incorporate":[6],"syntactic":[7],"information":[8],"about":[9],"the":[10,28,47,53,56,70,81],"target":[11],"language":[12],"in":[13,67],"neural":[15],"machine":[16],"translation":[17,32,66],"system":[18,58],"by":[19],"translating":[20],"into":[21],"linearized,":[22],"lexicalized":[23],"constituency":[24],"trees.":[25],"Experiments":[26],"on":[27,46],"WMT16":[29],"German-English":[30],"news":[31],"task":[33],"shown":[34],"improved":[35],"BLEU":[36],"scores":[37],"when":[38],"compared":[39],"syntax-agnostic":[42],"NMT":[43],"baseline":[44],"trained":[45],"same":[48],"dataset.":[49],"An":[50],"analysis":[51],"of":[52],"translations":[54],"from":[55],"syntax-aware":[57,82],"shows":[59],"that":[60],"it":[61],"performs":[62],"more":[63],"reordering":[64],"during":[65],"comparison":[68],"baseline.":[71],"A":[72],"smallscale":[73],"human":[74],"evaluation":[75],"also":[76],"showed":[77],"an":[78],"advantage":[79],"system.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}