{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2803214681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-2085","title":"Are All Languages Equally Hard to Language-Model?","display_name":"Are All Languages Equally Hard to Language-Model?","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2803214681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-2085","mag":"2803214681"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/n18-2085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-2085","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2085.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of\n          the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language\n          Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2085.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061951606","display_name":"Ryan Cotterell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4080-1833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Cotterell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030541675","display_name":"Sebastian J. Mielke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian J. Mielke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052467896","display_name":"Jason Eisner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Eisner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020068498","display_name":"Brian Roark","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Roark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061951606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9854,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98398393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"536","last_page":"541"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6606999635696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-linguistics","display_name":"Computational linguistics","score":0.5943857431411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4421624541282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.42290329933166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.40342408418655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38818037509918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.35922056436538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.1569407880306244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06189659237861633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6606999635696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.5943857431411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4421624541282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.42290329933166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40342408418655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38818037509918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35922056436538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1569407880306244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06189659237861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/n18-2085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-2085","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2085.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of\n          the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language\n          Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/n18-2085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-2085","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2085.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of\n          the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language\n          Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803214681.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803214681.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22168010","https://openalex.org/W58893626","https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W1591801644","https://openalex.org/W1769936356","https://openalex.org/W1934041838","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W2044916741","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2161278536","https://openalex.org/W2250525902","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2524429381","https://openalex.org/W2549835527","https://openalex.org/W2574640638","https://openalex.org/W2609370997","https://openalex.org/W2625014264","https://openalex.org/W2741021341","https://openalex.org/W2807188009","https://openalex.org/W2963022149","https://openalex.org/W2963899393","https://openalex.org/W3141884538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2798121181","https://openalex.org/W2016805743","https://openalex.org/W4242592912","https://openalex.org/W435830328","https://openalex.org/W2087896742","https://openalex.org/W1989025965","https://openalex.org/W2328676785","https://openalex.org/W2322380964","https://openalex.org/W2587527225","https://openalex.org/W4237443457"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ryan":[0],"Cotterell,":[1],"Sabrina":[2],"J.":[3],"Mielke,":[4],"Jason":[5],"Eisner,":[6],"Brian":[7],"Roark.":[8],"Proceedings":[9],"of":[10,14,19],"the":[11,15,20],"2018":[12],"Conference":[13],"North":[16],"American":[17],"Chapter":[18],"Association":[21],"for":[22],"Computational":[23],"Linguistics:":[24],"Human":[25],"Language":[26],"Technologies,":[27],"Volume":[28],"2":[29],"(Short":[30],"Papers).":[31],"2018.":[32]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}