{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804228850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1171","title":"Sentiment Analysis: It\u2019s Complicated!","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis: It\u2019s Complicated!","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804228850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1171","mag":"2804228850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/n18-1171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1171","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1171.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of\n          the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language\n          Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1171.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012825977","display_name":"Kian Kenyon-Dean","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kian Kenyon-Dean","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008026199","display_name":"Eisha Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eisha Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017578121","display_name":"Scott Fujimoto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Fujimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074184206","display_name":"Jeremy Georges-Filteau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-6468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Georges-Filteau","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082445858","display_name":"Christopher Glasz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Glasz","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083663939","display_name":"Barleen Kaur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barleen Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046380111","display_name":"Auguste Lalande","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Auguste Lalande","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002719072","display_name":"Shruti Bhanderi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shruti Bhanderi","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058887555","display_name":"Robert Belfer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Belfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063153575","display_name":"Nirmal Kanagasabai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirmal Kanagasabai","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060443373","display_name":"Roman Sarrazingendron","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Sarrazingendron","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045931669","display_name":"Rohit Verma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-9836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohit Verma","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041513167","display_name":"Derek Ruths","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5592-6412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Derek Ruths","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Department of Computer Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041513167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7251,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95841216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1886","last_page":"1895"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.935006856918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8529524803161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.7023265361785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5945107936859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.5205017924308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.48007044196128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-world-data","display_name":"Real world data","score":0.46598002314567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4356918931007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-categorization","display_name":"Text categorization","score":0.4165789783000946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36160844564437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.35972362756729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.34836429357528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2572084069252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.2034437656402588}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.935006856918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8529524803161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.7023265361785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5945107936859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5205017924308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.48007044196128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020493868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55631277","display_name":"Real world data","level":2,"score":0.46598002314567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4356918931007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986744138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302088","display_name":"Text categorization","level":3,"score":0.4165789783000946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36160844564437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35972362756729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.34836429357528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2572084069252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2034437656402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/n18-1171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1171","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1171.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of\n          the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language\n          Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/n18-1171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1171","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1171.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of\n          the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language\n          Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310638","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804228850.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804228850.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40549020","https://openalex.org/W193524605","https://openalex.org/W359818833","https://openalex.org/W1133916940","https://openalex.org/W1853454069","https://openalex.org/W1987425720","https://openalex.org/W2019759670","https://openalex.org/W2022204871","https://openalex.org/W2097521684","https://openalex.org/W2156413587","https://openalex.org/W2250243742","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2252215182","https://openalex.org/W2291000931","https://openalex.org/W2462290672","https://openalex.org/W2511558409","https://openalex.org/W2753840835","https://openalex.org/W2913283656","https://openalex.org/W4239946314"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360898036","https://openalex.org/W2390857744","https://openalex.org/W2133651098","https://openalex.org/W2390698788","https://openalex.org/W2078570174","https://openalex.org/W2383063829","https://openalex.org/W2138922887","https://openalex.org/W2082678934","https://openalex.org/W2035261173","https://openalex.org/W2106892947"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sentiment":[0,25],"analysis":[1,26,78,153,162,196,207],"is":[2,14,49,62,100],"used":[3],"as":[4,164],"a":[5,101,117,135,179],"proxy":[6],"to":[7,15,19,54,140],"measure":[8],"human":[9],"emotion,":[10],"where":[11,60],"the":[12,38,66,73,88,95,132,150,157,218],"objective":[13],"categorize":[16,141],"text":[17],"according":[18],"some":[20],"predefined":[21],"notion":[22,133],"of":[23,40,75,87,97,110,126,134,138,159,185,197],"sentiment.":[24,128],"datasets":[27,70],"are":[28,166],"typically":[29],"constructed":[30,71],"with":[31,45,190],"gold-standard":[32],"sentiment":[33,77,108,139,152,161,206],"labels,":[34],"assigned":[35],"based":[36],"on":[37,65],"results":[39],"manual":[41],"annotations.":[42],"When":[43],"working":[44],"such":[46,98,142],"annotations,":[47],"it":[48],"common":[50],"for":[51,72],"dataset":[52,184,202,208],"constructors":[53],"discard":[55],"\"noisy\"":[56],"or":[57],"\"controversial\"":[58],"data":[59,99],"there":[61],"significant":[63],"disagreement":[64],"proper":[67],"label.":[68],"In":[69],"purpose":[74],"Twitter":[76],"(TSA),":[79],"these":[80],"controversial":[81],"examples":[82],"can":[83],"compose":[84],"over":[85,186,200],"30%":[86],"originally":[89],"annotated":[90,189],"data.":[91,227],"We":[92,129,171],"argue":[93,145],"that":[94,146],"removal":[96],"problematic":[102],"trend":[103],"because,":[104],"when":[105],"performing":[106],"real-time":[107],"classification":[109],"short-text,":[111],"an":[112],"automated":[113,160],"system":[114],"cannot":[115],"know":[116],"priori":[118],"which":[119],"samples":[120],"would":[121,215],"fall":[122],"into":[123,205],"this":[124,173],"category":[125],"disputed":[127],"therefore":[130],"propose":[131],"\"complicated\"":[136],"class":[137],"text,":[143],"and":[144,177,209,221],"its":[147],"inclusion":[148],"in":[149,168,217],"short-text":[151],"framework":[154],"will":[155],"improve":[156],"quality":[158],"systems":[163],"they":[165],"implemented":[167],"real-world":[169],"settings.":[170],"motivate":[172],"argument":[174],"by":[175],"building":[176],"analyzing":[178],"new":[180],"publicly":[181],"available":[182],"TSA":[183],"7,000":[187],"tweets":[188],"5x":[191],"coverage,":[192],"named":[193],"MTSA.":[194],"Our":[195],"classifier":[198],"performance":[199],"our":[201],"offers":[203],"insights":[204],"model":[210],"design,":[211],"how":[212,222],"current":[213],"techniques":[214],"perform":[216],"real":[219],"world,":[220],"researchers":[223],"should":[224],"handle":[225],"difficult":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
