{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973730088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/k19-1026","title":"Code-Switched Language Models Using Neural Based Synthetic Data from Parallel Sentences","display_name":"Code-Switched Language Models Using Neural Based Synthetic Data from Parallel Sentences","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973730088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/k19-1026","mag":"2973730088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/k19-1026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/k19-1026","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K19-1026.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K19-1026.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085516032","display_name":"Genta Indra Winata","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genta Indra Winata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE) Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong",", Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE) Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061096363","display_name":"Andrea Madotto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8672-715X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Madotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE) Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong",", Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE) Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066791810","display_name":"Chien-Sheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5598-5324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chien-Sheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE) Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong",", Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE) Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065856469","display_name":"Pascale Fung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0628-7132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pascale Fung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE) Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong",", Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE) Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"271","last_page":"280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8597931861877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-switching","display_name":"Code-switching","score":0.706981897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6763122081756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.6297105550765991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.601732075214386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5635932683944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5567328333854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5545032024383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5362633466720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5084239840507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-language-model","display_name":"Cache language model","score":0.46864527463912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3765561878681183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3052036762237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.23802518844604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-networking-language","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","score":0.1531408131122589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.14094120264053345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8597931861877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18552078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255615","display_name":"Code-switching","level":2,"score":0.706981897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6763122081756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.6297105550765991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.601732075214386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5635932683944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5567328333854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5545032024383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5362633466720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5084239840507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39608478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015979","display_name":"Cache language model","level":5,"score":0.46864527463912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3765561878681183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3052036762237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.23802518844604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.1531408131122589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.14094120264053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/k19-1026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/k19-1026","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K19-1026.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.08582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.08582","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2973730088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.08582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.08582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/k19-1026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/k19-1026","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/K19-1026.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323537","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973730088.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973730088.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44716798","https://openalex.org/W761725120","https://openalex.org/W1526236009","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W2061272101","https://openalex.org/W2094655846","https://openalex.org/W2098355803","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2148708890","https://openalex.org/W2149778059","https://openalex.org/W2153061313","https://openalex.org/W2252095989","https://openalex.org/W2314691132","https://openalex.org/W2606974598","https://openalex.org/W2798348125","https://openalex.org/W2807157666","https://openalex.org/W2898178263","https://openalex.org/W2962778134","https://openalex.org/W2962991834","https://openalex.org/W2963257891","https://openalex.org/W2963347649","https://openalex.org/W2963945964","https://openalex.org/W2964268978","https://openalex.org/W2970126578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2989143494","https://openalex.org/W3213090746","https://openalex.org/W2889467844","https://openalex.org/W2804291605","https://openalex.org/W2949437134","https://openalex.org/W3093141226","https://openalex.org/W2411652523","https://openalex.org/W3195869210","https://openalex.org/W2896154352","https://openalex.org/W3039654913","https://openalex.org/W1972141422","https://openalex.org/W2008961349","https://openalex.org/W2947056733","https://openalex.org/W2906485768","https://openalex.org/W1977697308","https://openalex.org/W2963913268","https://openalex.org/W1964951574","https://openalex.org/W2138708605","https://openalex.org/W2804491889","https://openalex.org/W2883878236"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Training":[0],"code-switched":[1],"language":[2,92,119],"models":[3],"is":[4],"difficult":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,25,30,60,80,89,93],"lack":[8],"of":[9,73],"data":[10,63],"and":[11,86,103,129],"complexity":[12],"in":[13,107],"the":[14,94,105,118,123],"grammatical":[15],"structure.":[16],"Linguistic":[17],"constraint":[18],"theories":[19],"have":[20],"been":[21],"used":[22],"for":[23],"decades":[24],"generate":[26,61],"artificial":[27],"code-switching":[28,62,74,99],"sentences":[29,85,125],"cope":[31],"with":[32,122],"this":[33,36],"issue.":[34],"However,":[35],"require":[37],"external":[38,112],"word":[39],"alignments":[40],"or":[41],"constituency":[42],"parsers":[43],"that":[44],"create":[45],"erroneous":[46],"results":[47],"on":[48,115],"distant":[49],"languages.":[50],"We":[51],"propose":[52],"a":[53,57,70],"sequence-to-sequence":[54],"model":[55,77,120],"using":[56],"copy":[58],"mechanism":[59],"by":[64,101],"leveraging":[65],"parallel":[66,84],"monolingual":[67],"translations":[68],"from":[69,83],"limited":[71],"source":[72],"data.":[75],"The":[76],"learns":[78],"how":[79],"combine":[81],"words":[82,106],"identifies":[87],"when":[88],"switch":[90],"one":[91],"other.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"it":[97],"captures":[98],"constraints":[100],"attending":[102],"aligning":[104],"inputs,":[108],"without":[109],"requiring":[110],"any":[111],"knowledge.":[113],"Based":[114],"experimental":[116],"results,":[117],"trained":[121],"generated":[124],"achieves":[126],"state-of-theart":[127],"performance":[128],"improves":[130],"end-to-end":[131],"automatic":[132],"speech":[133],"recognition.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}