{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971105107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1599","title":"Multi-passage BERT: A Globally Normalized BERT Model for Open-domain Question Answering","display_name":"Multi-passage BERT: A Globally Normalized BERT Model for Open-domain Question Answering","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971105107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1599","mag":"2971105107"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d19-1599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1599","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1599.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1599.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430087","display_name":"Zhiguo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-6172"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AWS AI Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AWS AI Labs","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102761306","display_name":"Patrick Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8208-652X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["AWS AI Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AWS AI Labs","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104143781","display_name":"Xiaofei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3163-0310"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["AWS AI Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AWS AI Labs","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109250040","display_name":"Ramesh Nallapati","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Nallapati","raw_affiliation_strings":["AWS AI Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AWS AI Labs","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107249743","display_name":"Bing Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4028-4935"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AWS AI Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AWS AI Labs","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100430087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.6804,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":233,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99526913,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5877","last_page":"5881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.7427709698677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7267488241195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-domain","display_name":"Open domain","score":0.693153977394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5452542901039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5364537835121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5144229531288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.438104510307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.33717817068099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09972774982452393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.7427709698677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7267488241195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993776861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Open domain","level":3,"score":0.693153977394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5452542901039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5364537835121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5144229531288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.438104510307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.33717817068099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09972774982452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d19-1599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1599","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1599.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d19-1599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1599","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1599.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971105107.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971105107.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2516930406","https://openalex.org/W2551396370","https://openalex.org/W2566011400","https://openalex.org/W2609826708","https://openalex.org/W2734823783","https://openalex.org/W2740747242","https://openalex.org/W2753613501","https://openalex.org/W2769395616","https://openalex.org/W2788448041","https://openalex.org/W2799081691","https://openalex.org/W2889646190","https://openalex.org/W2893268956","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2907833097","https://openalex.org/W2911430044","https://openalex.org/W2912817604","https://openalex.org/W2962718483","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963080779","https://openalex.org/W2963195889","https://openalex.org/W2963339397","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963564796","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2964348592","https://openalex.org/W3121694563","https://openalex.org/W4288623406","https://openalex.org/W4294329082","https://openalex.org/W4295253143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951097643","https://openalex.org/W2391533720","https://openalex.org/W4309395021","https://openalex.org/W4307481286","https://openalex.org/W3215363805","https://openalex.org/W204133468","https://openalex.org/W2991310128","https://openalex.org/W2395174199","https://openalex.org/W4226441484","https://openalex.org/W2516703895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zhiguo":[0],"Wang,":[1],"Patrick":[2],"Ng,":[3],"Xiaofei":[4],"Ma,":[5],"Ramesh":[6],"Nallapati,":[7],"Bing":[8],"Xiang.":[9],"Proceedings":[10],"of":[11],"the":[12,23],"2019":[13],"Conference":[14,27],"on":[15,28],"Empirical":[16],"Methods":[17],"in":[18],"Natural":[19,29],"Language":[20,30],"Processing":[21,31],"and":[22],"9th":[24],"International":[25],"Joint":[26],"(EMNLP-IJCNLP).":[32],"2019.":[33]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}