{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889197485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1291","title":"An Investigation of the Interactions Between Pre-Trained Word Embeddings, Character Models and POS Tags in Dependency Parsing","display_name":"An Investigation of the Interactions Between Pre-Trained Word Embeddings, Character Models and POS Tags in Dependency Parsing","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889197485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1291","mag":"2889197485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1291","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1291.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1291.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aaron Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080895973","display_name":"Miryam de Lhoneux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-2126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE","DK","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miryam de Lhoneux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University","Uppsala University KU Leuven University of Copenhagen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppsala University KU Leuven University of Copenhagen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679","https://openalex.org/I124055696","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051985869","display_name":"Sara Stymne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Stymne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077063699","display_name":"Joakim Nivre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joakim Nivre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6218,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95030105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-grammar","display_name":"Dependency grammar","score":0.8565256595611572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7930728197097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.750751256942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.7278127670288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.6810945272445679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6309618949890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6276699900627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5796313881874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.43163520097732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13012132048606873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08927297592163086}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164883195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674834","display_name":"Dependency grammar","level":3,"score":0.8565256595611572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7930728197097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.750751256942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.7278127670288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6810945272445679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6309618949890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6276699900627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5796313881874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.43163520097732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13012132048606873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08927297592163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1291","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1291.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/705414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/705414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, 31 October - 4 November 2018","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1291","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1291.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2889197485.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2889197485.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1860935423","https://openalex.org/W1938755728","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2105847779","https://openalex.org/W2131395877","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2250861254","https://openalex.org/W2301095666","https://openalex.org/W2552110825","https://openalex.org/W2574640638","https://openalex.org/W2605058246","https://openalex.org/W2739827909","https://openalex.org/W2740285126","https://openalex.org/W2741029840","https://openalex.org/W2760527153","https://openalex.org/W2804859241","https://openalex.org/W2917956622","https://openalex.org/W2949952998","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2963040309","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963940534","https://openalex.org/W2963967800","https://openalex.org/W2964084097","https://openalex.org/W2964090065","https://openalex.org/W2964105617","https://openalex.org/W2970529259","https://openalex.org/W2970854433","https://openalex.org/W3018647120","https://openalex.org/W3030416750","https://openalex.org/W3035096899","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W4205485283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2251084681","https://openalex.org/W4241489294","https://openalex.org/W2098784136","https://openalex.org/W287510790","https://openalex.org/W63925617","https://openalex.org/W2151754849","https://openalex.org/W2252142543","https://openalex.org/W2968543375","https://openalex.org/W2953770453","https://openalex.org/W4288558800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,76,143],"provide":[1],"a":[2,18,59],"comprehensive":[3],"analysis":[4],"of":[5,36,92,105],"the":[6,34,93,106,114],"interactions":[7,47],"between":[8,48],"pre-trained":[9],"word":[10,65,100],"embeddings,":[11],"character":[12,37,148,157],"models":[13,119],"and":[14,83],"POS":[15,27,81,135],"tags":[16,136],"in":[17,33,42,85,130,160],"transition-based":[19],"dependency":[20],"parser.":[21],"While":[22],"previous":[23],"studies":[24],"have":[25],"shown":[26],"information":[28],"to":[29,73,87,121],"be":[30,122],"less":[31],"important":[32,124],"presence":[35],"models,":[38],"we":[39],"show":[40,145],"that":[41,146],"fact":[43],"there":[44],"are":[45],"complex":[46],"all":[49],"three":[50,107],"techniques.":[51],"In":[52],"isolation":[53],"each":[54,91],"produces":[55],"large":[56,147],"improvements":[57],"over":[58],"baseline":[60],"system":[61],"using":[62],"randomly":[63],"initialised":[64],"embeddings":[66],"only,":[67],"but":[68],"combining":[69],"them":[70],"quickly":[71],"leads":[72],"diminishing":[74],"returns.":[75],"categorise":[77],"words":[78],"by":[79],"frequency,":[80],"tag":[82],"language":[84],"order":[86],"systematically":[88],"investigate":[89],"how":[90],"techniques":[94,108],"affects":[95],"parsing":[96],"quality.":[97],"For":[98],"many":[99],"categories,":[101],"applying":[102],"any":[103],"two":[104],"is":[109],"almost":[110],"as":[111,113],"good":[112],"full":[115],"combined":[116],"system.":[117],"Character":[118],"tend":[120],"more":[123],"for":[125,153],"low-frequency":[126],"open-class":[127],"words,":[128],"especially":[129,159],"morphologically":[131,161],"rich":[132,162],"languages,":[133],"while":[134],"can":[137],"help":[138,151],"disambiguate":[139],"highfrequency":[140],"function":[141],"words.":[142],"also":[144],"embedding":[149],"sizes":[150],"even":[152],"languages":[154],"with":[155],"small":[156],"sets,":[158],"languages.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}