{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2891602716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1217","title":"Semi-Supervised Sequence Modeling with Cross-View Training","display_name":"Semi-Supervised Sequence Modeling with Cross-View Training","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2891602716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1217","mag":"2891602716"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1217","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1217.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1217.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049064405","display_name":"Kevin B. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0544-2150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078684067","display_name":"Minh-Thang Luong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minh-Thang Luong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Brain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Brain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046006076","display_name":"Christopher D. Manning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-649X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Manning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088551093","display_name":"Quoc V. Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-2844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quoc Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Brain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Brain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":396,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1914","last_page":"1925"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8159191608428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7341269254684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-grammar","display_name":"Dependency grammar","score":0.7203783988952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6165744662284851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5688920617103577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.542209267616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5304804444313049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.5076161623001099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"Sequence labeling","score":0.5050891041755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.4960411489009857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.47877633571624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.47656941413879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4750397503376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.4573372006416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.446468323469162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.42994165420532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.14370256662368774}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8159191608428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7341269254684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164883195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674834","display_name":"Dependency grammar","level":3,"score":0.7203783988952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6165744662284851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5688920617103577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.542209267616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5304804444313049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5076161623001099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.5050891041755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4960411489009857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47877633571624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.47656941413879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4750397503376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.4573372006416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.446468323469162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.42994165420532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.14370256662368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1217","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1217.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1217","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1217.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891602716.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891602716.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W769612788","https://openalex.org/W1486649854","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1670132599","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W2015861736","https://openalex.org/W2048679005","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2088911157","https://openalex.org/W2098921539","https://openalex.org/W2101210369","https://openalex.org/W2111316763","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2129068307","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2133348086","https://openalex.org/W2133556223","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2159636675","https://openalex.org/W2163568299","https://openalex.org/W2170973209","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2311095070","https://openalex.org/W2431080869","https://openalex.org/W2516255829","https://openalex.org/W2530816535","https://openalex.org/W2546302380","https://openalex.org/W2551887912","https://openalex.org/W2552110825","https://openalex.org/W2555428947","https://openalex.org/W2556468274","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2568949257","https://openalex.org/W2587373263","https://openalex.org/W2611669587","https://openalex.org/W2624871570","https://openalex.org/W2645998928","https://openalex.org/W2905927205","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2950872548","https://openalex.org/W2951299559","https://openalex.org/W2951970475","https://openalex.org/W2952087486","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2952729433","https://openalex.org/W2953187361","https://openalex.org/W2953830716","https://openalex.org/W2962731964","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962824366","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963090765","https://openalex.org/W2963326042","https://openalex.org/W2963370123","https://openalex.org/W2963563735","https://openalex.org/W2963571341","https://openalex.org/W2963625095","https://openalex.org/W2963706742","https://openalex.org/W2963736842","https://openalex.org/W2963756346","https://openalex.org/W2963804993","https://openalex.org/W2963842982","https://openalex.org/W2963918774","https://openalex.org/W2963940534","https://openalex.org/W2964040467","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W3021931813","https://openalex.org/W3204406378","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4300822525","https://openalex.org/W4300996741","https://openalex.org/W4302343710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953770453","https://openalex.org/W4288558800","https://openalex.org/W2534732449","https://openalex.org/W122912556","https://openalex.org/W1586607209","https://openalex.org/W4312414840","https://openalex.org/W2621411691","https://openalex.org/W2271357838","https://openalex.org/W2556866732","https://openalex.org/W2348322200"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unsupervised":[0],"representation":[1],"learning":[2,52,76],"algorithms":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5],"word2vec":[6],"and":[7,68,116,153],"ELMo":[8],"improve":[9],"the":[10,30,40,56,92,102,105,109,113,117,127],"accuracy":[11],"of":[12,23,26,58,66,91,97,104],"many":[13],"supervised":[14,31,75],"NLP":[15],"models,":[16],"mainly":[17],"because":[18],"they":[19],"can":[20],"take":[21],"advantage":[22],"large":[24],"amounts":[25],"unlabeled":[27,69,80],"text.":[28],"However,":[29],"models":[32],"only":[33,95],"learn":[34],"from":[35],"taskspecific":[36],"labeled":[37,67,72],"data":[38],"during":[39],"main":[41],"training":[42],"phase.":[43],"We":[44,143],"therefore":[45],"propose":[46],"Cross-View":[47],"Training":[48],"(CVT),":[49],"a":[50,59,64,98],"semi-supervised":[51],"algorithm":[53],"that":[54,87,133],"improves":[55,126],"representations":[57],"Bi-LSTM":[60],"sentence":[61],"encoder":[62],"using":[63],"mix":[65],"data.":[70],"On":[71,79],"examples,":[73,81],"standard":[74],"is":[77,135],"used.":[78],"CVT":[82,134,145],"teaches":[83],"auxiliary":[84,114],"prediction":[85],"modules":[86,115],"see":[88],"restricted":[89],"views":[90],"input":[93],"(e.g.,":[94],"part":[96],"sentence)":[99],"to":[100],"match":[101],"predictions":[103],"full":[106,118,128],"model":[107,119],"seeing":[108],"whole":[110],"input.":[111],"Since":[112],"share":[120],"intermediate":[121],"representations,":[122],"this":[123],"in":[124],"turn":[125],"model.":[129],"Moreover,":[130],"we":[131],"show":[132],"particularly":[136],"effective":[137],"when":[138],"combined":[139],"with":[140],"multitask":[141],"learning.":[142],"evaluate":[144],"on":[146],"five":[147],"sequence":[148],"tagging":[149],"tasks,":[150],"machine":[151],"translation,":[152],"dependency":[154],"parsing,":[155],"achieving":[156],"state-of-the-art":[157],"results.":[158],"1":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":91},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}