{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2739997338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d17-1309","title":"Natural Language Processing with Small Feed-Forward Networks","display_name":"Natural Language Processing with Small Feed-Forward Networks","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2739997338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d17-1309","mag":"2739997338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d17-1309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d17-1309","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1309.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural\n          Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1309.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043555135","display_name":"Jan A. Botha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jan A. Botha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","Google (United States), Mountain View, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google (United States), Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089519482","display_name":"Emily Pitler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Pitler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","Google (United States), Mountain View, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google (United States), Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046993861","display_name":"Ji Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0912-2632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","Google (United States), Mountain View, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google (United States), Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072205226","display_name":"Anton Bakalov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Bakalov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc. Mountain View, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007249066","display_name":"Alex Salcianu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Salcianu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc. Mountain View, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067774356","display_name":"David J. Weiss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5312-0637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Weiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","Google (United States), Mountain View, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google (United States), Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022489655","display_name":"Ryan McDonald","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan McDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","Google (United States), Mountain View, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google (United States), Mountain View, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062886906","display_name":"Slav Petrov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5505-4861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slav Petrov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc. Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043555135"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.60425746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85832457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2879","last_page":"2885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7988583445549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5761234760284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.48960477113723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4791768789291382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.46941694617271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.46280401945114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4487980604171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4467056691646576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4245613217353821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4206823408603668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33703070878982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15386143326759338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12303265929222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0847054123878479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7988583445549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5761234760284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.48960477113723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4791768789291382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.46941694617271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.46280401945114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4487980604171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4467056691646576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4245613217353821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4206823408603668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33703070878982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15386143326759338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12303265929222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0847054123878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d17-1309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d17-1309","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1309.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural\n          Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1708.00214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00214","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.00214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2739997338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.00214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1708.00214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1708.00214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d17-1309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d17-1309","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1309.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural\n          Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2739997338.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2739997338.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44815768","https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W1515383068","https://openalex.org/W1818534184","https://openalex.org/W2008961349","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2099224638","https://openalex.org/W2128634885","https://openalex.org/W2128791906","https://openalex.org/W2158139315","https://openalex.org/W2162245945","https://openalex.org/W2250861254","https://openalex.org/W2251149908","https://openalex.org/W2516334389","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2952339051","https://openalex.org/W2962875366","https://openalex.org/W2963628345","https://openalex.org/W2964093505","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W2964308564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2554777827","https://openalex.org/W2800428890","https://openalex.org/W2998538066","https://openalex.org/W3105445742","https://openalex.org/W3173911546","https://openalex.org/W3163857190","https://openalex.org/W3210706441","https://openalex.org/W3122132656","https://openalex.org/W3088100225","https://openalex.org/W2760063890","https://openalex.org/W2947146520","https://openalex.org/W3153822571","https://openalex.org/W2775172580","https://openalex.org/W2808352527","https://openalex.org/W3176992645","https://openalex.org/W2258283129","https://openalex.org/W3213748123","https://openalex.org/W3083229240","https://openalex.org/W2983440318","https://openalex.org/W2981114289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"show":[1],"that":[2],"small":[3,51,65],"and":[4,19,30,55],"shallow":[5],"feed-forward":[6],"neural":[7,52],"networks":[8],"can":[9],"achieve":[10],"near":[11],"state-of-the-art":[12],"results":[13],"on":[14],"a":[15,64],"range":[16],"of":[17],"unstructured":[18],"structured":[20],"language":[21],"processing":[22],"tasks":[23],"while":[24],"being":[25],"considerably":[26],"cheaper":[27],"in":[28],"memory":[29,66],"computational":[31],"requirements":[32],"than":[33],"deep":[34],"recurrent":[35],"models.":[36],"Motivated":[37],"by":[38],"resource-constrained":[39],"environments":[40],"like":[41],"mobile":[42],"phones,":[43],"we":[44],"showcase":[45],"simple":[46],"techniques":[47],"for":[48],"obtaining":[49],"such":[50],"network":[53],"models,":[54],"investigate":[56],"different":[57],"tradeoffs":[58],"when":[59],"deciding":[60],"how":[61],"to":[62],"allocate":[63],"budget.":[67]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}