{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2409591106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1147","title":"Key-Value Memory Networks for Directly Reading Documents","display_name":"Key-Value Memory Networks for Directly Reading Documents","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2409591106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1147","mag":"2409591106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d16-1147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1147","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/D16-1147.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/D16-1147.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055701014","display_name":"Alexander Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4139-4208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079422282","display_name":"Adam Fisch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Fisch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008013895","display_name":"Jesse Dodge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesse Dodge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101905145","display_name":"Amir-Hossein Karimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7655-8874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir-Hossein Karimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052390500","display_name":"Antoine Bordes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoine Bordes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076635608","display_name":"Jason Weston","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Weston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook AI Research, 770 Broadway, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta (Israel), Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":204,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1400","last_page":"1409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.873218297958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.683561384677887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6514938473701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5652008056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5600082874298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.537628173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.46896472573280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.44880253076553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4341665506362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3384016156196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.17400920391082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08895817399024963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.873218297958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.683561384677887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6514938473701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5652008056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5600082874298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.537628173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.46896472573280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.44880253076553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4341665506362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3384016156196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.17400920391082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08895817399024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d16-1147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1147","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/D16-1147.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1606.03126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.03126","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.03126","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2409591106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.03126.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.03126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1606.03126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d16-1147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1147","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/D16-1147.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2409591106.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2409591106.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102708294","https://openalex.org/W580074167","https://openalex.org/W1512387364","https://openalex.org/W1525961042","https://openalex.org/W1532325895","https://openalex.org/W2028175314","https://openalex.org/W2033709196","https://openalex.org/W2086511124","https://openalex.org/W2090243146","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2120735855","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2126209950","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2134415318","https://openalex.org/W2251079237","https://openalex.org/W2251673953","https://openalex.org/W2251818205","https://openalex.org/W2252136820","https://openalex.org/W2264105282","https://openalex.org/W2280395961","https://openalex.org/W2294860948","https://openalex.org/W2584341106","https://openalex.org/W2951008357","https://openalex.org/W2951622387","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2962790689","https://openalex.org/W2964119254","https://openalex.org/W2964267515","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W6604189946","https://openalex.org/W6631834165","https://openalex.org/W6638318767","https://openalex.org/W6639346155","https://openalex.org/W6657534600","https://openalex.org/W6672077861","https://openalex.org/W6680134797","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6718651203","https://openalex.org/W6732742072"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951008357","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2252136820","https://openalex.org/W2950527759","https://openalex.org/W580074167","https://openalex.org/W2584341106","https://openalex.org/W2427527485","https://openalex.org/W2964091467","https://openalex.org/W2949888546","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963448850","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W1525961042","https://openalex.org/W2950133940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Directly":[0],"reading":[1,77],"documents":[2,78,104],"and":[3,53,88],"being":[4,41],"able":[5],"to":[6],"answer":[7],"questions":[8],"from":[9,40],"them":[10],"is":[11],"an":[12,112],"unsolved":[13],"challenge.":[14],"To":[15,96],"avoid":[16],"its":[17],"inherent":[18],"difficulty,":[19],"question":[20],"answering":[21],"(QA)":[22],"has":[23,33],"been":[24],"directed":[25],"towards":[26],"using":[27,98],"Knowledge":[28],"Bases":[29],"(KBs)":[30],"instead,":[31],"which":[32],"proven":[34],"effective.":[35],"Unfortunately":[36],"KBs":[37],"often":[38],"suffer":[39],"too":[42,54],"restrictive,":[43],"as":[44],"the":[45,86,92,128,135,147],"schema":[46],"cannot":[47],"support":[48],"certain":[49],"types":[50],"of":[51,91,130],"answers,":[52],"sparse,":[55],"e.g.":[56],"Wikipedia":[57,103],"contains":[58,120],"much":[59],"more":[60,79],"information":[61,100],"than":[62],"Freebase.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"work":[66],"we":[67,110],"introduce":[68],"a":[69,107,116,124],"new":[70],"method,":[71],"Key-Value":[72],"Memory":[73],"Networks,":[74],"that":[75,119],"makes":[76],"viable":[80],"by":[81],"utilizing":[82],"different":[83],"encodings":[84],"in":[85,106,127],"addressing":[87],"output":[89],"stages":[90],"memory":[93],"read":[94],"operation.":[95],"compare":[97],"KBs,":[99],"extraction":[101],"or":[102],"directly":[105],"single":[108],"framework":[109],"construct":[111],"analysis":[113],"tool,":[114],"WIKIMOVIES,":[115],"QA":[117],"dataset":[118],"raw":[121],"text":[122],"alongside":[123],"preprocessed":[125],"KB,":[126],"domain":[129],"movies.":[131],"Our":[132],"method":[133],"reduces":[134],"gap":[136],"between":[137],"all":[138],"three":[139],"settings.":[140],"It":[141],"also":[142],"achieves":[143],"state-of-the-art":[144],"results":[145],"on":[146],"existing":[148],"WIKIQA":[149],"benchmark.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
