{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2411934291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1124","title":"Generalizing and Hybridizing Count-based and Neural Language Models","display_name":"Generalizing and Hybridizing Count-based and Neural Language Models","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2411934291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1124","mag":"2411934291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d16-1124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1124","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1124.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural\n          Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1124.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068811427","display_name":"Graham Neubig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-3789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Graham Neubig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA","Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111222692","display_name":"Chris Dyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Dyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, United Kingdom","Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068811427"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I75917431"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4172,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94933238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1163","last_page":"1172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.7393259406089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.71673583984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6319372653961182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5854636430740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5807338356971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4297161102294922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.42030632495880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0690278708934784}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.7393259406089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.71673583984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6319372653961182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5854636430740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5807338356971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4297161102294922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.42030632495880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0690278708934784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d16-1124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1124","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1124.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural\n          Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1606.00499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.00499","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.00499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2411934291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.00499.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.00499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1606.00499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d16-1124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d16-1124","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1124.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural\n          Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1069223013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAKENHI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1998611006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program for Advancing Strategic International Networks to Accelerate the Circulation of Talented Researchers","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3390476878","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"the Program for Advancing Strategic International","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4227499671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KAKENHI Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4636223006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4946308133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program for Advancing Strategic Int","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5194182431","display_name":"Controllable Natural Language Generation with Neural Networks","funder_award_id":"16H05873","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5492949545","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Advancing Strategic International N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5705375960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program for Advancing Strategic International Netw","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5786340949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KAKENHI Grant Number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6797801859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Advancing Strategic International Networks to Accelerate the Circulation of Talented Researchers","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8430481527","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8543377547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program for Advancing Strategic International Networks","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2411934291.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2411934291.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518951372","https://openalex.org/W1591801644","https://openalex.org/W1597533204","https://openalex.org/W1934041838","https://openalex.org/W1965154800","https://openalex.org/W1970689298","https://openalex.org/W1996903695","https://openalex.org/W2005902041","https://openalex.org/W2045633041","https://openalex.org/W2049901611","https://openalex.org/W2069699492","https://openalex.org/W2075201173","https://openalex.org/W2082092506","https://openalex.org/W2094971681","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2105402874","https://openalex.org/W2109664771","https://openalex.org/W2112874453","https://openalex.org/W2113641473","https://openalex.org/W2128666521","https://openalex.org/W2134237567","https://openalex.org/W2151315616","https://openalex.org/W2251071050","https://openalex.org/W2403133475","https://openalex.org/W2949888546","https://openalex.org/W2950186769","https://openalex.org/W2951793508","https://openalex.org/W2963084471","https://openalex.org/W2964121744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963824800","https://openalex.org/W2404663128","https://openalex.org/W2945975900","https://openalex.org/W2963442159","https://openalex.org/W2949624386","https://openalex.org/W2951872756","https://openalex.org/W3000569652","https://openalex.org/W3167196392","https://openalex.org/W2752470372","https://openalex.org/W1554288356","https://openalex.org/W2985663642","https://openalex.org/W3161471739","https://openalex.org/W3177719755","https://openalex.org/W2464714129","https://openalex.org/W2619042136","https://openalex.org/W2950515451","https://openalex.org/W2153118244","https://openalex.org/W1826694107","https://openalex.org/W2912618358","https://openalex.org/W2224454245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0],"models":[1,5,51,89],"(LMs)":[2],"are":[3],"statistical":[4],"that":[6,60,90],"calculate":[7],"probabilities":[8],"over":[9,67,78],"sequences":[10],"of":[11,31,50,64,70,95,105],"words":[12],"or":[13],"other":[14],"discrete":[15],"symbols.":[16],"Currently":[17],"two":[18],"major":[19],"paradigms":[20],"for":[21],"language":[22],"modeling":[23,43,58],"exist:":[24],"count-based":[25,96],"n-gram":[26],"models,":[27],"which":[28,39],"have":[29],"advantages":[30,104],"scalability":[32],"and":[33,36,72,97,100],"test-time":[34],"speed,":[35],"neural":[37,98],"LMs,":[38,99],"often":[40],"achieve":[41],"superior":[42],"performance.":[44],"We":[45],"demonstrate":[46,102],"how":[47],"both":[48],"varieties":[49],"can":[52],"be":[53],"unified":[54],"in":[55],"a":[56,62],"single":[57],"framework":[59],"defines":[61],"set":[63],"probability":[65],"distributions":[66],"the":[68,92,103],"vocabulary":[69],"words,":[71],"then":[73],"dynamically":[74],"calculates":[75],"mixture":[76],"weights":[77],"these":[79,106],"distributions.":[80],"This":[81],"formulation":[82],"allows":[83],"us":[84],"to":[85],"create":[86],"novel":[87],"hybrid":[88],"combine":[91],"desirable":[93],"features":[94],"experiments":[101],"approaches.":[107],"1":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}