{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2251269336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1250","title":"A Binarized Neural Network Joint Model for Machine Translation","display_name":"A Binarized Neural Network Joint Model for Machine Translation","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2251269336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1250","mag":"2251269336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d15-1250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1250","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1250.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1250.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458628","display_name":"Jingyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-5104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 3-5Hikaridai, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0289, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 3-5Hikaridai, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0289, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021667085","display_name":"Masao Utiyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-9245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masao Utiyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 3-5Hikaridai, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0289, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 3-5Hikaridai, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0289, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033318800","display_name":"Eiichiro Sumita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1028-4399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eiichiro Sumita","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 3-5Hikaridai, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0289, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 3-5Hikaridai, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0289, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068811427","display_name":"Graham Neubig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-3789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graham Neubig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020994673","display_name":"Satoshi Nakamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-3803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6173,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68446571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2094","last_page":"2099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8563948273658752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.6929555535316467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6672956943511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6578518748283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6134735345840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5630408525466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.5368379354476929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5144179463386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.43409016728401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4220060706138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.4218358099460602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41717109084129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.41691046953201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38277867436408997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21152451634407043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.17680534720420837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8563948273658752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6929555535316467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6672956943511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6578518748283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6134735345840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5630408525466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.5368379354476929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5144179463386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.43409016728401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4220060706138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.4218358099460602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41717109084129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.41691046953201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38277867436408997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21152451634407043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.17680534720420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d15-1250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1250","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1250.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.697.8479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.697.8479","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://aclweb.org/anthology/D/D15/D15-1250.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/d15-1250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1250","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1250.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2251269336.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2251269336.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115367774","https://openalex.org/W222053410","https://openalex.org/W932413789","https://openalex.org/W1995560154","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2124807415","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2136016850","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2250489405","https://openalex.org/W2250610505","https://openalex.org/W2251222643","https://openalex.org/W2251682575","https://openalex.org/W2252264945","https://openalex.org/W2293111166","https://openalex.org/W2295800168","https://openalex.org/W2595715041","https://openalex.org/W2964308564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591697403","https://openalex.org/W2953716828","https://openalex.org/W2904857019","https://openalex.org/W2944728705","https://openalex.org/W3011538607","https://openalex.org/W2904022177","https://openalex.org/W2359348847","https://openalex.org/W4382934300","https://openalex.org/W2121061354","https://openalex.org/W4285388059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"neural":[1,9],"network":[2,10],"joint":[3],"model":[4,12],"(NNJM),":[5],"which":[6,71],"augments":[7],"the":[8,41,67,79,95],"language":[11],"(NNLM)":[13],"with":[14,32,43],"an":[15,63],"m-word":[16],"source":[17],"context":[18,80],"window,":[19],"has":[20,30],"achieved":[21],"large":[22,38],"gains":[23],"in":[24],"machine":[25],"translation":[26,104],"accuracy,":[27],"but":[28],"also":[29],"problems":[31],"high":[33],"normalization":[34],"cost":[35],"when":[36],"using":[37,91],"vocabularies.":[39],"Training":[40],"NNJM":[42,69,98],"noise-contrastive":[44],"estimation":[45,52],"(NCE),":[46],"instead":[47],"of":[48],"standard":[49],"maximum":[50],"likelihood":[51],"(MLE),":[53],"can":[54,87],"reduce":[55],"computation":[56],"cost.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"alternative":[64],"to":[65],"NCE,":[66],"binarized":[68],"(BNNJM),":[70],"learns":[72],"a":[73],"binary":[74],"classifier":[75],"that":[76],"takes":[77],"both":[78],"and":[81,86,97],"target":[82],"words":[83],"as":[84],"input,":[85],"be":[88],"efficiently":[89],"trained":[90,99],"MLE.":[92],"We":[93],"compare":[94],"BNNJM":[96],"by":[100],"NCE":[101],"on":[102],"various":[103],"tasks.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}