{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166861458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.2113","title":"ToM-Synth: Scaling Robust Theory of Mind in LLMs via 6,912 Structured Social Units","display_name":"ToM-Synth: Scaling Robust Theory of Mind in LLMs via 6,912 Structured Social Units","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166861458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.2113"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.2113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.2113","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.2113.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.2113.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101963058","display_name":"Guiyang Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9163-0633"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guiyang Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100756503","display_name":"Huang Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3341-0826"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139820572","display_name":"Shangke Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangke Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139730988","display_name":"Yuchuan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139841205","display_name":"Weiyao Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiyao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139771670","display_name":"Xinyu Mei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139738389","display_name":"Yongliang Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongliang Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139744334","display_name":"Weiming Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127166731","display_name":"Yongbin Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8643736,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"42567","last_page":"42582"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.3517000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.3517000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.10999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13748","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Modeling Techniques","score":0.03420000150799751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.2630000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.2113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.2113","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.2113.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.2113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.2113","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.2113.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5240021347999573,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7036249533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166861458.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166861458.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Theory":[0],"of":[1,80,102,111,118,136],"Mind":[2],"(ToM),":[3],"the":[4,50,54,78,84,108],"ability":[5],"to":[6,48,88],"infer":[7],"others'":[8],"mental":[9],"states":[10],"from":[11],"behavior,":[12],"is":[13,62],"pivotal":[14],"for":[15,42,124],"developing":[16],"machines":[17],"with":[18,25,91,163],"human-level":[19],"social":[20,104],"intelligence.Existing":[21],"methods":[22,32,46],"endowing":[23],"LLMs":[24,90],"ToM":[26,36,52,85,112],"fall":[27],"into":[28,53],"two":[29],"paradigms:":[30],"training-free":[31,45],"and":[33,87,131,139,145,159],"those":[34],"repurposing":[35],"evaluation":[37,57],"benchmarks":[38,58],"as":[39,59],"training":[40,60,81,116],"data":[41,165],"RL-based":[43],"fine-tuning.However,":[44],"fail":[47],"internalize":[49],"augmented":[51],"LLMs.Meanwhile,":[55],"using":[56],"sources":[61],"conceptually":[63],"problematic":[64],"and,":[65],"in":[66,69,153],"practice,":[67],"results":[68,128],"narrow":[70],"in-domain":[71],"overfitting":[72],"rather":[73],"than":[74],"robust":[75,92],"ToM.To":[76],"address":[77],"lack":[79],"resources":[82],"within":[83],"community":[86],"empower":[89],"ToM,":[93,142],"we":[94,149],"introduce":[95],"ToM-Synth,":[96],"a":[97,115],"factorial":[98],"combinatorial":[99],"synthesis":[100,110],"framework":[101,106],"6912":[103],"units.This":[105],"enables":[107],"systematic":[109],"data,":[113],"yielding":[114],"dataset":[117],"27,648":[119],"instances,":[120],"termed":[121],"ToM-Synth-27K.Utilizing":[122],"ToM-Synth-27K":[123],"RL":[125],"fine-tuning,":[126],"experimental":[127],"demonstrate":[129],"consistent":[130],"significant":[132],"improvements":[133],"across":[134],"models":[135],"varying":[137],"families":[138],"scales":[140],"on":[141],"Emotional":[143],"Intelligence,":[144],"Social":[146],"Commonsense":[147],"benchmarks.Furthermore,":[148],"observe":[150],"concurrent":[151],"enhancements":[152],"IQ-related":[154],"tasks":[155],"(math,":[156],"science,":[157],"logic)":[158],"effective":[160],"performance":[161],"scaling":[162],"increasing":[164],"scale.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-07-02T00:00:00"}