{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166851265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.bea-1.75","title":"uogal at BEA 2026 Shared Task 1: Ensemble of Multilingual Encoders with NMT Augmentation for L1-Aware Vocabulary Difficulty Prediction","display_name":"uogal at BEA 2026 Shared Task 1: Ensemble of Multilingual Encoders with NMT Augmentation for L1-Aware Vocabulary Difficulty Prediction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166851265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.bea-1.75"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.bea-1.75","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.bea-1.75","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.bea-1.75.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2026)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.bea-1.75.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075654129","display_name":"Bernardo Stearns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9377-8572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernardo Stearns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Ireland Insight Centre for Data Analytics , Data Science Institute , University of Galway , Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Ireland Insight Centre for Data Analytics , Data Science Institute , University of Galway , Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139715972","display_name":"John P. McCrae","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John P. McCrae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Ireland Insight Centre for Data Analytics , Data Science Institute , University of Galway , Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Ireland Insight Centre for Data Analytics , Data Science Institute , University of Galway , Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037949367","display_name":"Thomas Gaillat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3433-6533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124938446","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2","ror":"https://ror.org/01m84wm78","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124938446"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Gaillat","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIDILE / Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2 , 35000 Rennes , France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIDILE / Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2 , 35000 Rennes , France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124938446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054476296","display_name":"Jefkine Kafunah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-1969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jefkine Kafunah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Ireland Insight Centre for Data Analytics , Data Science Institute , University of Galway , Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Ireland Insight Centre for Data Analytics , Data Science Institute , University of Galway , Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81808001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1065","last_page":"1076"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.5769000053405762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.5769000053405762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.12540000677108765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.10920000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7293000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6524999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6523000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.2734000086784363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7293000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6524999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6523000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6287000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5878999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.bea-1.75","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.bea-1.75","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.bea-1.75.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2026)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.bea-1.75","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.bea-1.75","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.bea-1.75.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2026)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7668070197105408,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166851265.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166851265.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,69],"system":[4],"submission":[5],"to":[6,101],"the":[7,11,72,76,93,98],"closed":[8],"track":[9],"of":[10],"BEA":[12],"2026":[13],"shared":[14],"task":[15],"on":[16],"L1-aware":[17],"vocabulary":[18],"difficulty":[19],"prediction":[20],"(Spanish,":[21],"German,":[22],"Mandarin":[23],"Chinese).We":[24],"explored":[25],"three":[26,66],"approaches:":[27],"hand-crafted":[28],"tabular":[29],"features":[30],"with":[31,43,49,84],"tree-based":[32],"regressors,":[33],"fine-tuned":[34,38,77],"multilingual":[35,78],"encoders,":[36],"and":[37,50,61],"decoders":[39],"(artificial":[40],"learner":[41],"simulation":[42],"LoRA-tuned":[44],"Pythia":[45],"models).Each":[46],"was":[47],"examined":[48],"without":[51],"an":[52],"English":[53],"context":[54],"produced":[55],"by":[56],"neural":[57],"machine":[58],"translation":[59],"(NMT),":[60],"we":[62],"also":[63],"combined":[64,88],"all":[65],"families":[67],"in":[68],"single":[70],"ensemble.In":[71],"end,":[73],"ensembling":[74],"only":[75],"encoders":[79],"(four":[80],"base":[81],"architectures":[82],"together":[83],"four":[85],"NMT-augmented":[86],"variants,":[87],"through":[89],"per-language":[90],"stacking)":[91],"gave":[92],"best":[94],"results":[95],"while":[96],"remaining":[97],"simplest":[99],"configuration":[100],"train.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2026-07-02T00:00:00"}