{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166886067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1243","title":"Human or LLM as Standardized Patients? A Comparative Study in Medical Education","display_name":"Human or LLM as Standardized Patients? A Comparative Study in Medical Education","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166886067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1243"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1243","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1243.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1243.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139840541","display_name":"Bingquan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingquan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139850942","display_name":"Xiaoxiao Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139734737","display_name":"Yuchi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139837423","display_name":"Zhou Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139738675","display_name":"Qianqian Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianqian Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence , Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence , Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139807460","display_name":"Benyou Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benyou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94504925,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"26988","last_page":"27012"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12151","display_name":"Interpreting and Communication in Healthcare","score":0.08919999748468399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12151","display_name":"Interpreting and Communication in Healthcare","score":0.08919999748468399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.03370000049471855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuing-medical-education","display_name":"Continuing medical education","score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.24400000274181366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.6657999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777280699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123220","display_name":"Continuing medical education","level":3,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.24400000274181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2321999967098236}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1243","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1243.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1243","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1243.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.755112886428833,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1658892879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72495131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4644238951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023B1212010001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5125189824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023B1212010001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324202","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316083","display_name":"Tencent","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322942","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324202","display_name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjzgn92"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166886067.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166886067.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standardized":[0],"patients":[1,22],"(SPs)":[2],"are":[3],"indispensable":[4],"for":[5,72,110],"clinical":[6],"skills":[7],"training":[8],"but":[9],"remain":[10],"expensive":[11],"and":[12,34,91,113,118],"difficult":[13],"to":[14,56,102],"scale.Although":[15],"large":[16],"language":[17],"model":[18],"(LLM)-based":[19],"virtual":[20],"standardized":[21,40],"(VSPs)":[23],"have":[24],"been":[25],"proposed":[26],"as":[27],"an":[28],"alternative,":[29],"their":[30],"behavior":[31,83],"remains":[32],"unstable":[33],"lacks":[35],"rigorous":[36],"comparison":[37],"with":[38,68,106],"human":[39,81,103],"patients.We":[41],"propose":[42],"EasyMED,":[43],"a":[44,65],"multi-agent":[45],"VSP":[46],"framework":[47],"that":[48,76],"separates":[49],"case-grounded":[50],"information":[51],"disclosure":[52],"from":[53],"response":[54],"generation":[55],"support":[57],"stable,":[58],"inquiry-conditioned":[59],"patient":[60],"behavior.We":[61],"also":[62],"introduce":[63],"SPBench,":[64],"human-grounded":[66],"benchmark":[67],"eight":[69],"expertdefined":[70],"criteria":[71],"interaction-level":[73],"evaluation.Experiments":[74],"show":[75],"EasyMED":[77],"more":[78],"closely":[79],"matches":[80],"SP":[82,104],"than":[84],"existing":[85],"VSPs,":[86],"particularly":[87],"in":[88],"case":[89],"consistency":[90],"controlled":[92,95],"disclosure.A":[93],"four-week":[94],"study":[96],"further":[97],"demonstrates":[98],"learning":[99],"outcomes":[100],"comparable":[101],"training,":[105],"stronger":[107],"early":[108],"gains":[109],"novice":[111],"learners":[112],"improved":[114],"flexibility,":[115],"psychological":[116],"safety,":[117],"cost":[119],"efficiency.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-07-02T00:00:00"}