{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166838440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1095","title":"Beyond Meta-Reasoning: Metacognitive Consolidation for Self-Improving LLM Reasoning","display_name":"Beyond Meta-Reasoning: Metacognitive Consolidation for Self-Improving LLM Reasoning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166838440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1095"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1095","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1095.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1095.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034504569","display_name":"Ziqing Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-5274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100356","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/018f7hf93","country_code":"CL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100356"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqing Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration , Ministry of Education , Southeast University , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration , Ministry of Education , Southeast University , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139849401","display_name":"Linhai Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linhai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101938449","display_name":"Jiasheng Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6870-5678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiasheng Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139851071","display_name":"Deyu Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100356","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/018f7hf93","country_code":"CL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100356"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering , Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration , Ministry of Education , Southeast University , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering , Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration , Ministry of Education , Southeast University , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100356"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139837996","display_name":"Yulan He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London","The Alan Turing Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80261854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"23884","last_page":"23913"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.29010000824928284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.29010000824928284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.16820000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.04919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metacognition","display_name":"Metacognition","score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consolidation","display_name":"Consolidation (business)","score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.2660999894142151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.546500027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776014549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3050847","display_name":"Consolidation (business)","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1095","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1095.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1095","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1095.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2011491967","display_name":"AI-enabled High Stakes Assessment","funder_award_id":"UKRI566","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2577708131","display_name":"Turing AI Fellowship: Event-Centric Framework for Natural Language Understanding","funder_award_id":"EP/V020579/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3537818187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5188792329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V020579/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6382798043","display_name":"Turing AI Fellowship: Event-Centric Framework for Natural Language Understanding","funder_award_id":"EP/V020579/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166838440.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166838440.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"demonstrated":[5],"strong":[6],"reasoning":[7,16,87],"capabilities,":[8],"and":[9,64,110,140,143],"as":[10,26,148],"existing":[11,34],"approaches":[12],"for":[13,30,107],"enhancing":[14],"LLM":[15],"continue":[17],"to":[18,60,112],"mature,":[19],"increasing":[20],"attention":[21],"has":[22],"shifted":[23],"toward":[24],"meta-reasoning":[25,35,44,55],"a":[27,75,80,123],"promising":[28],"direction":[29],"further":[31],"improvement.However,":[32],"most":[33],"methods":[36],"remain":[37],"episodic:":[38],"they":[39],"focus":[40],"on":[41],"executing":[42],"complex":[43],"routines":[45],"within":[46],"individual":[47],"instances,":[48,58],"but":[49],"ignore":[50],"the":[51],"accumulation":[52],"of":[53],"reusable":[54,90],"skills":[56],"across":[57,138],"leading":[59],"recurring":[61],"failure":[62],"modes":[63],"repeatedly":[65],"high":[66],"metacognitive":[67,83,149],"effort.In":[68],"this":[69,97],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"introduce":[72],"Metacognitive":[73],"Consolidation,":[74],"novel":[76],"framework":[77,98],"in":[78],"which":[79],"model":[81],"consolidates":[82],"experience":[84,150],"from":[85],"past":[86],"episodes":[88],"into":[89,104],"knowledge":[91],"that":[92,128,145],"improves":[93,147],"future":[94],"meta-reasoning.We":[95],"instantiate":[96],"by":[99],"structuring":[100],"instance-level":[101],"problem":[102],"solving":[103],"distinct":[105],"roles":[106],"reasoning,":[108],"monitoring,":[109],"control":[111],"generate":[113],"rich,":[114],"attributable":[115],"meta-level":[116],"traces.These":[117],"traces":[118],"are":[119],"then":[120],"consolidated":[121],"through":[122],"hierarchical,":[124],"multi-timescale":[125],"update":[126],"mechanism":[127],"gradually":[129],"forms":[130],"evolving":[131],"metaknowledge.Experimental":[132],"results":[133],"demonstrate":[134],"consistent":[135],"performance":[136,146],"gains":[137],"benchmarks":[139],"backbone":[141],"models,":[142],"show":[144],"accumulates":[151],"over":[152],"time.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-07-02T00:00:00"}