{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416034168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.941","title":"Judging with Many Minds: Do More Perspectives Mean Less Prejudice? On Bias Amplification and Resistance in Multi-Agent Based LLM-as-Judge","display_name":"Judging with Many Minds: Do More Perspectives Mean Less Prejudice? On Bias Amplification and Resistance in Multi-Agent Based LLM-as-Judge","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416034168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.941"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.941","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.941.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.941.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100934186","display_name":"Chiyu Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiyu Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Enpei Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enpei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047416722","display_name":"Yilun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6812-5120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100380184","display_name":"Wenjun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-6559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056070673","display_name":"Yaning Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9711-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaning Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112932565","display_name":"Peijun Qing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peijun Qing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100812948","display_name":"Lin Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1874-5657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064858748","display_name":"Arman Cohan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8954-2724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arman Cohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395068","display_name":"Yan Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5917-1475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujun Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035399743","display_name":"Soroush Vosoughi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-8909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soroush Vosoughi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College , Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College , Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86928666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"17356","last_page":"17392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.47839999198913574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.47839999198913574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.09560000151395798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13191","display_name":"Dispute Resolution and Class Actions","score":0.06689999997615814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.22499999403953552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24539999663829803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.22499999403953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.21389999985694885}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.941","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.941.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.941","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.941.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","display_name":"John Templeton Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/035tnyy05"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416034168.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416034168.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LLM-as-Judge":[0,157],"has":[1,23],"emerged":[2],"as":[3,28,121],"a":[4,53,116,122,149],"scalable":[5],"alternative":[6],"to":[7,15,33],"human":[8],"evaluation,":[9],"enabling":[10],"large":[11],"language":[12],"models":[13],"(LLMs)":[14],"provide":[16],"reward":[17],"signals":[18],"in":[19,44,101,137,144,155,168],"trainings.While":[20],"recent":[21],"work":[22,147],"explored":[24],"multi-agent":[25,77,156],"extensions":[26],"such":[27],"multiagent":[29],"debate":[30,86,138],"and":[31,67,81,95,159,173],"meta-judging":[32],"enhance":[34],"evaluation":[35,170],"quality,":[36],"the":[37,92,112,161],"question":[38],"of":[39,56,114,152],"how":[40],"intrinsic":[41],"biases":[42,72,89,136],"manifest":[43],"these":[45,71,126],"settings":[46,139],"remains":[47],"underexplored.In":[48],"this":[49,96,131],"study,":[50],"we":[51],"conduct":[52],"systematic":[54],"analysis":[55],"four":[57],"diverse":[58],"bias":[59,98,153,165],"types:":[60],"position":[61],"bias,":[62,64,66],"verbosity":[63],"chain-of-thought":[65],"bandwagon":[68],"bias.We":[69],"evaluate":[70],"across":[73],"two":[74],"widely":[75],"adopted":[76],"LLMas-Judge":[78],"frameworks:":[79],"Multi-Agent-Debate":[80],"LLM-as-Meta-Judge.Our":[82],"results":[83,128],"show":[84],"that":[85,130],"framework":[87],"amplifies":[88],"sharply":[90],"after":[91],"initial":[93],"debate,":[94],"increased":[97],"is":[99],"sustained":[100],"subsequent":[102],"rounds,":[103],"while":[104],"meta-judge":[105,145],"approaches":[106],"exhibit":[107],"greater":[108],"resistance.We":[109],"further":[110],"investigate":[111],"incorporation":[113],"PINE,":[115],"leading":[117],"single-agent":[118],"debiasing":[119],"method,":[120],"bias-free":[123,132],"agent":[124,133],"within":[125],"systems.The":[127],"reveal":[129],"effectively":[134],"reduces":[135],"but":[140],"provides":[141,148],"less":[142],"benefit":[143],"scenarios.Our":[146],"comprehensive":[150],"study":[151],"behavior":[154],"systems":[158],"highlights":[160],"need":[162],"for":[163],"targeted":[164],"mitigation":[166],"strategies":[167],"collaborative":[169],"settings.Our":[171],"code":[172],"experimental":[174],"data":[175],"can":[176],"be":[177],"found":[178],"at":[179],"https://github.com/":[180],"Henrymachiyu/Multi_Agent_Judge_Bias.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T14:07:55.174380","created_date":"2025-11-08T00:00:00"}