{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412888845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.156","title":"Stress-testing Machine Generated Text Detection: Shifting Language Models Writing Style to Fool Detectors","display_name":"Stress-testing Machine Generated Text Detection: Shifting Language Models Writing Style to Fool Detectors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412888845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.156","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.156.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.156.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088530330","display_name":"Andrea Pedrotti","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Pedrotti","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063304545","display_name":"Michele Papucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0810-0017"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Papucci","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119181492","display_name":"Cristiano Ciaccio","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristiano Ciaccio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062667199","display_name":"Alessio Miaschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0736-5411"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Miaschi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045636436","display_name":"Giovanni Puccetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8906-0987"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Puccetti","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084812833","display_name":"Felice Dell\u2019Orletta\u22c4","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3454-9387"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felice Dell\u2019Orletta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082069715","display_name":"Andrea Esuli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-4322"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Esuli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3010","last_page":"3031"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.7821999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.7821999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.7114999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.6703000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6901854276657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.6176876425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/style","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","score":0.5988726615905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5910387635231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress-testing","display_name":"Stress testing (software)","score":0.45471546053886414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4264102280139923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3373992443084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.168856680393219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1492750644683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.11082956194877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literature","display_name":"Literature","score":0.05919128656387329}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6901854276657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6176876425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.5988726615905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5910387635231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7515471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936882","display_name":"Stress testing (software)","level":2,"score":0.45471546053886414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4264102280139923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3373992443084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.168856680393219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1492750644683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.11082956194877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.05919128656387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.156","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.156.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:iris________::cf63832d81aeb63ca9702de632106281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.156","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.156.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1145458839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRIN 2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3819771052","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CUP B53C22001760006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412888845.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412888845.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W2356229341","https://openalex.org/W2349391998","https://openalex.org/W4205655149","https://openalex.org/W2349768204","https://openalex.org/W2000775715","https://openalex.org/W2074467390","https://openalex.org/W2795393339","https://openalex.org/W2626393719","https://openalex.org/W4390618967"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,142,146],"Generative":[3],"AI":[4],"and":[5,30,118,156,167],"Large":[6],"Language":[7],"Models":[8],"(LLMs)":[9],"have":[10],"enabled":[11],"the":[12,22,40,59,75,88,96,111,116,150],"creation":[13],"of":[14,42,61,152],"highly":[15],"realistic":[16],"synthetic":[17],"content,":[18],"raising":[19],"concerns":[20],"about":[21],"potential":[23],"for":[24],"malicious":[25],"use,":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28],"misinformation":[29],"manipulation.Moreover,":[31],"detecting":[32],"Machine-Generated":[33],"Text":[34],"(MGT)":[35],"remains":[36],"challenging":[37,106],"due":[38],"to":[39,48,57,69,86,107,125,160,169],"lack":[41],"robust":[43,159,175],"benchmarks":[44,178],"that":[45,131],"assess":[46],"generalization":[47],"real-world":[49],"scenarios.In":[50],"this":[51],"work,":[52],"we":[53,77,109],"present":[54],"a":[55,143],"pipeline":[56],"test":[58],"resilience":[60],"state-of-the-art":[62],"MGT":[63,89,127,176],"detectors":[64,124,132],"(e.g.,":[65],"Mage,":[66],"Radar,":[67],"LLM-DetectAIve)":[68],"linguistically":[70],"informed":[71],"adversarial":[72],"attacks.To":[73],"challenge":[74],"detectors,":[76],"fine-tune":[78],"language":[79],"models":[80],"using":[81],"Direct":[82],"Preference":[83],"Optimization":[84],"(DPO)":[85],"shift":[87],"style":[90],"toward":[91],"human-written":[92],"text":[93],"(HWT).This":[94],"exploits":[95],"detectors'":[97],"reliance":[98],"on":[99,173],"stylistic":[100],"clues,":[101],"making":[102,157],"new":[103],"generations":[104],"more":[105,174],"detect.Additionally,":[108],"analyze":[110],"linguistic":[112],"shifts":[113],"induced":[114],"by":[115,123],"alignment":[117],"which":[119],"features":[120],"are":[121],"used":[122],"detect":[126],"texts.Our":[128],"results":[129],"show":[130],"can":[133],"be":[134],"easily":[135],"fooled":[136],"with":[137],"relatively":[138],"few":[139],"examples,":[140],"resulting":[141],"significant":[144],"drop":[145],"detection":[147,154,177],"performance.This":[148],"highlights":[149],"importance":[151],"improving":[153],"methods":[155],"them":[158],"unseen":[161],"in-domain":[162],"texts.We":[163],"release":[164],"code,":[165],"models,":[166],"data":[168],"support":[170],"future":[171],"research":[172],"1":[179],".":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}