{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412944675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1246","title":"Missing the Margins: A Systematic Literature Review on the Demographic Representativeness of LLMs","display_name":"Missing the Margins: A Systematic Literature Review on the Demographic Representativeness of LLMs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412944675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1246","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.1246.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.1246.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048901866","display_name":"Indira Sen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3475-0371"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Indira Sen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033848785","display_name":"Marlene Lutz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8265-2410"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marlene Lutz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Elisa Rogers","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084395089","display_name":"David Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-9151"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071422618","display_name":"Markus Strohmaier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-5720"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Strohmaier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6813,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"24263","last_page":"24289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.6216999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.6216999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11903","display_name":"Private Equity and Venture Capital","score":0.6158000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representativeness-heuristic","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","score":0.9020504951477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.4819193184375763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47231197357177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3851395547389984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.23883703351020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.19259124994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16933181881904602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10969355702400208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.9020504951477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4819193184375763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47231197357177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3851395547389984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23883703351020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.19259124994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16933181881904602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10969355702400208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1246","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.1246.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.01864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.01864","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.01864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kops.uni-konstanz.de:123456789/77082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-s4vgbseewx540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401487","display_name":"KOPS (University of Konstanz)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189712700","host_organization_name":"University of Konstanz","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CHE, Wanxiang, Hrsg., Joyce NABENDE, Hrsg., Ekaterina SHUTOVA, Hrsg. und andere. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025. Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2025, S. 24263-24289. ISBN 979-8-89176-256-5. Verf\u00fcgbar unter: doi: 10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1246","raw_type":"doc-type:conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1246","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.1246.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412944675.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412944675.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3159631231","https://openalex.org/W4405590872","https://openalex.org/W4404624381","https://openalex.org/W4306248409","https://openalex.org/W4211213551","https://openalex.org/W2332151799","https://openalex.org/W2062728131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"applications":[1],"of":[2,21,47,71,77,86,89,106,141,155,180,195,203],"Large":[3],"Language":[4],"Models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"require":[7],"them":[8],"to":[9,36,112,150,198],"either":[10,161],"simulate":[11],"people":[12],"or":[13,50,99,163],"offer":[14],"personalized":[15],"functionality,":[16],"making":[17],"the":[18,27,34,42,68,78,84,107,122,142,147,170,184,200],"demographic":[19,43,69,97,101,196],"representativeness":[20,70,85,182],"LLMs":[22,94,204],"crucial":[23],"for":[24,117,205],"equitable":[25],"utility.At":[26],"same":[28],"time,":[29],"we":[30,63],"know":[31],"little":[32],"about":[33],"extent":[35],"which":[37],"these":[38,90,114],"models":[39],"actually":[40],"reflect":[41],"attributes":[44,197],"and":[45,104,119,192],"behaviors":[46],"certain":[48],"groups":[49,133],"populations,":[51],"with":[52],"conflicting":[53],"findings":[54,153,175],"in":[55,134,183],"empirical":[56],"research.To":[57],"shed":[58],"light":[59],"on":[60,67,83],"this":[61],"debate,":[62],"review":[64],"211":[65],"papers":[66,108,143],"LLMs.We":[72],"find":[73],"that":[74,124,157],"while":[75],"29%":[76],"studies":[79],"report":[80,126],"positive":[81],"conclusions":[82],"LLMs,":[87],"30%":[88],"do":[91,125,144,158],"not":[92,145],"evaluate":[93],"across":[95],"multiple":[96],"categories":[98],"within":[100],"subcategories.Another":[102],"35%":[103],"47%":[105],"concluding":[109],"positively":[110],"fail":[111],"specify":[113],"subcategories":[115],"altogether":[116],"gender":[118],"race,":[120],"respectively.Of":[121],"articles":[123],"subcategories,":[127],"fewer":[128],"than":[129,138],"half":[130],"include":[131],"marginalized":[132],"their":[135,152],"study.Finally,":[136],"more":[137,188],"a":[139,165],"third":[140],"define":[146,159],"target":[148],"population":[149],"whom":[151],"apply;":[154],"those":[156],"it":[160],"implicitly":[162],"explicitly,":[164],"large":[166],"majority":[167],"study":[168],"only":[169],"U.S.":[171],"Taken":[172],"together,":[173],"our":[174],"suggest":[176],"an":[177],"inflated":[178],"perception":[179],"LLM":[181],"broader":[185],"community.We":[186],"recommend":[187],"precise":[189],"evaluation":[190],"methods":[191],"comprehensive":[193],"documentation":[194],"ensure":[199],"responsible":[201],"use":[202],"social":[206],"applications.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
