{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412887862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1053","title":"MELABenchv1: Benchmarking Large Language Models against Smaller Fine-Tuned Models for Low-Resource Maltese NLP","display_name":"MELABenchv1: Benchmarking Large Language Models against Smaller Fine-Tuned Models for Low-Resource Maltese NLP","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412887862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1053","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.1053.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.1053.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051863994","display_name":"Kurt Micallef","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA","MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Micallef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence , University of Malta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence , University of Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862","https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086259576","display_name":"Claudia Borg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8704-6893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA","MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Borg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence , University of Malta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence , University of Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862","https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"20505","last_page":"20527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13912","display_name":"Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maltese","display_name":"Maltese","score":0.9760946035385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.8385028839111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.752302348613739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6600724458694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6033728122711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5403050184249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.21813637018203735}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775911240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9166","display_name":"Maltese","level":2,"score":0.9760946035385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.8385028839111328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.752302348613739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6600724458694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6033728122711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5403050184249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.21813637018203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1053","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.1053.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.04385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04385","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.04385","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.1053","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.1053.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412887862.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412887862.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093517588","https://openalex.org/W4224247062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W199376477","https://openalex.org/W2163412362","https://openalex.org/W2919894429","https://openalex.org/W1984602073","https://openalex.org/W4376602820","https://openalex.org/W2917107172","https://openalex.org/W2915228080","https://openalex.org/W2583949485","https://openalex.org/W4360853313","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1,11],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"demonstrated":[5],"remarkable":[6],"performance":[7,40,129],"across":[8,81],"various":[9,89],"Natural":[10],"Processing":[12],"(NLP)":[13],"tasks,":[14,72],"largely":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,22,97,138],"their":[18,28],"generalisability":[19],"and":[20,59,73,101,115,130,147],"ability":[21],"perform":[23,67,79],"tasks":[24],"without":[25],"additional":[26],"training.However,":[27],"effectiveness":[29],"for":[30,142],"low-resource":[31,49,153],"languages":[32,154],"remains":[33],"limited.In":[34],"this":[35,134],"study,":[36],"we":[37,87,136],"evaluate":[38],"the":[39,105,111,140],"of":[41],"55":[42],"publicly":[43],"available":[44],"LLMs":[45],"on":[46,70],"Maltese,":[47],"a":[48,52,122],"language,":[50],"using":[51],"newly":[53],"introduced":[54],"benchmark":[55],"covering":[56],"11":[57],"discriminative":[58],"generative":[60,71],"tasks.Our":[61],"experiments":[62],"highlight":[63,139],"that":[64,74,94,118,149],"many":[65],"models":[66,77],"poorly,":[68],"particularly":[69],"smaller":[75],"fine-tuned":[76],"often":[78],"better":[80,128],"all":[82],"tasks.From":[83],"our":[84],"multidimensional":[85],"analysis,":[86],"investigate":[88],"factors":[90],"impacting":[91],"performance.We":[92],"conclude":[93],"prior":[95],"exposure":[96],"Maltese":[98],"during":[99],"pre-training":[100],"instruction-tuning":[102],"emerges":[103],"as":[104],"most":[106],"important":[107],"factor.We":[108],"also":[109],"examine":[110],"trade-offs":[112],"between":[113],"fine-tuning":[114,120],"prompting,":[116],"highlighting":[117],"while":[119],"requires":[121],"higher":[123],"initial":[124],"cost,":[125],"it":[126],"yields":[127],"lower":[131],"inference":[132],"costs.Through":[133],"work,":[135],"aim":[137],"need":[141],"more":[143,156],"inclusive":[144],"language":[145,158],"technologies":[146],"recommend":[148],"researchers":[150],"working":[151],"with":[152],"consider":[155],"\"traditional\"":[157],"modelling":[159],"approaches.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}