{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411630056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.127","title":"Tracing the Roots of Facts in Multilingual Language Models: Independent, Shared, and Transferred Knowledge","display_name":"Tracing the Roots of Facts in Multilingual Language Models: Independent, Shared, and Transferred Knowledge","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411630056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.127","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2024.eacl-long.127.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2024.eacl-long.127.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101923282","display_name":"Xin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6207-5401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74640424","display_name":"Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04f9apy08","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74640424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science , The University of Tokyo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science , The University of Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74640424","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102962259","display_name":"Naoki Yoshinaga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2160-2604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74640424","display_name":"Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04f9apy08","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74640424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoki Yoshinaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science , The University of Tokyo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science , The University of Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74640424","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055651881","display_name":"Daisuke Oba","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74640424","display_name":"Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04f9apy08","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74640424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daisuke Oba","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science , The University of Tokyo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science , The University of Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74640424","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3515024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2088","last_page":"2102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.7939000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.7939000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6916999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7451443672180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.7177902460098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.517533004283905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3710376024246216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.365189790725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3023339807987213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.059755146503448486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7451443672180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.7177902460098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.517533004283905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3710376024246216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.365189790725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3023339807987213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.059755146503448486}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.127","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2024.eacl-long.127.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.127","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2024.eacl-long.127.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4503388090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJCR19A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","funder_display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6718509927","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CREST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322832","display_name":"University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411630056.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411630056.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093517588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2888673113","https://openalex.org/W2056065966","https://openalex.org/W2352602608","https://openalex.org/W2062641654","https://openalex.org/W2212288070","https://openalex.org/W3149975758","https://openalex.org/W1517786189","https://openalex.org/W164695339","https://openalex.org/W3213987435","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Acquiring":[0],"factual":[1,32,36,103],"knowledge":[2,37,61,104],"for":[3,93,110],"language":[4],"models":[5],"(LMs)":[6],"in":[7,19,68,83,115],"low-resource":[8],"languages":[9],"poses":[10],"a":[11,44],"serious":[12],"challenge,":[13],"thus":[14],"resorting":[15],"to":[16,59,64],"cross-lingual":[17,86],"transfer":[18],"multilingual":[20,35,50],"LMs":[21],"(ML-LMs).In":[22],"this":[23],"study,":[24],"we":[25,41],"ask":[26],"how":[27],"ML-LMs":[28,48,70],"acquire":[29,71],"and":[30,80,88,90],"represent":[31],"knowledge.Using":[33],"the":[34,54,60,66,98,108],"probing":[38],"dataset,":[39],"mLAMA,":[40],"first":[42],"conducted":[43],"neuron":[45],"investigation":[46],"of":[47,56,78,100],"(specifically,":[49],"BERT).We":[51],"then":[52],"traced":[53],"roots":[55],"facts":[57,82],"back":[58],"source":[62],"(Wikipedia)":[63],"identify":[65],"ways":[67],"which":[69],"specific":[72],"facts.We":[73],"finally":[74],"identified":[75],"three":[76],"patterns":[77],"acquiring":[79],"representing":[81],"ML-LMs:":[84],"languageindependent,":[85],"shared":[87],"transferred,":[89],"devised":[91],"methods":[92],"differentiating":[94],"them.Our":[95],"findings":[96],"highlight":[97],"challenge":[99],"maintaining":[101],"consistent":[102],"across":[105],"languages,":[106],"underscoring":[107],"need":[109],"better":[111],"fact":[112],"representation":[113],"learning":[114],"ML-LMs.":[116],"1":[117]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}