{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214641167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","title":"A Multilingual Approach to Identify and Classify Exceptional Measures against COVID-19","display_name":"A Multilingual Approach to Identify and Classify Exceptional Measures against COVID-19","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214641167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","mag":"3214641167"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2021.nllp-1.5.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2021.nllp-1.5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004690448","display_name":"Georgios Tziafas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Tziafas","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Artificial Intelligence 2. IRIO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Artificial Intelligence 2. IRIO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053976433","display_name":"Eug\u00e9nie de Saint-Phalle","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugenie de Saint-Phalle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051972245","display_name":"Wietse de Vries","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0433-090X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wietse de Vries","raw_affiliation_strings":[". CLGC University of Groningen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". CLGC University of Groningen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081249087","display_name":"Clara Egger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-111X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clara Egger","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064384923","display_name":"Tommaso Caselli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2936-0256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tommaso Caselli","raw_affiliation_strings":[". CLGC University of Groningen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". CLGC University of Groningen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"46","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9455999732017517,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7013524770736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.6944981813430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6921982169151306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6570003032684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5512387752532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5005135536193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.47789156436920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47260576486587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/f1-score","display_name":"F1 score","score":0.4106364846229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07893571257591248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7013524770736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6944981813430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6921982169151306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6570003032684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5512387752532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5005135536193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.47789156436920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47260576486587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.4106364846229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07893571257591248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2021.nllp-1.5.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.eur.nl:openaire/e2f062ce-74a5-41b0-b4f0-788e871b8ac7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/e2f062ce-74a5-41b0-b4f0-788e871b8ac7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tziafas, G, de Saint Phalle, E, Egger, C, de Vries, W & Caselli, T 2021, A multilingual approach to identify and classify exceptional measures against COVID-19. in N Aletras, I Androutsopoulos , L Barrett, C Goanta & D Preotiuc-Pietro (eds), Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2021. Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pp. 46-62. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/ebbdc647-fdc7-48c8-98c6-a21212460022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/ebbdc647-fdc7-48c8-98c6-a21212460022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tziafas, G, De Saint-Phalle, E, de Vries, W, Egger, C & Caselli, T 2021, A Multilingual Approach to Identify and Classify Exceptional Measures against COVID-19. in N Aletras, I Androutsopoulos, L Barrett, C Goanta & D Preotiuc-Pietro (eds), Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2021. Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pp. 46-62, Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2021, 10/11/2021.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.eur.nl:publications/e2f062ce-74a5-41b0-b4f0-788e871b8ac7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2021.nllp-1.5/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tziafas , G , de Saint Phalle , E , Egger , C , de Vries , W & Caselli , T 2021 , A multilingual approach to identify and classify exceptional measures against COVID-19 . in N Aletras , I Androutsopoulos , L Barrett , C Goanta & D Preotiuc-Pietro (eds) , Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2021 . Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) , pp. 46-62 . https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.5","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2021.nllp-1.5.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2030076560","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10430032010026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321007","funder_display_name":"ZonMw"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321007","display_name":"ZonMw","ror":"https://ror.org/01yaj9a77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3214641167.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3214641167.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W80761303","https://openalex.org/W104805926","https://openalex.org/W1494159381","https://openalex.org/W1528607527","https://openalex.org/W1535532393","https://openalex.org/W1537999210","https://openalex.org/W1752804396","https://openalex.org/W1825943944","https://openalex.org/W1826129262","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1973384931","https://openalex.org/W1977155386","https://openalex.org/W1979482500","https://openalex.org/W2031745026","https://openalex.org/W2095655043","https://openalex.org/W2117756735","https://openalex.org/W2121781523","https://openalex.org/W2121882970","https://openalex.org/W2158912860","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2508515839","https://openalex.org/W2575845411","https://openalex.org/W2578757680","https://openalex.org/W2579343286","https://openalex.org/W2601470260","https://openalex.org/W2733849899","https://openalex.org/W2741029840","https://openalex.org/W2757079888","https://openalex.org/W2765440119","https://openalex.org/W2768282280","https://openalex.org/W2774851568","https://openalex.org/W2779545291","https://openalex.org/W2783417854","https://openalex.org/W2890026792","https://openalex.org/W2903938540","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2912267070","https://openalex.org/W2950256799","https://openalex.org/W2954257417","https://openalex.org/W2962854673","https://openalex.org/W2962910668","https://openalex.org/W2962940365","https://openalex.org/W2963829982","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964240234","https://openalex.org/W2964328740","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2971292190","https://openalex.org/W2978120621","https://openalex.org/W2983040767","https://openalex.org/W2983986938","https://openalex.org/W3003978217","https://openalex.org/W3013314137","https://openalex.org/W3013374550","https://openalex.org/W3018647120","https://openalex.org/W3029142491","https://openalex.org/W3030236966","https://openalex.org/W3030723642","https://openalex.org/W3030760979","https://openalex.org/W3031619724","https://openalex.org/W3034238904","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W3035668167","https://openalex.org/W3036188798","https://openalex.org/W3082815030","https://openalex.org/W3088155791","https://openalex.org/W3091147850","https://openalex.org/W3099950029","https://openalex.org/W3101600240","https://openalex.org/W3108479920","https://openalex.org/W3116169579","https://openalex.org/W3117737817","https://openalex.org/W3119037313","https://openalex.org/W3135257712","https://openalex.org/W3139972671","https://openalex.org/W3158531604","https://openalex.org/W3185615765","https://openalex.org/W3187029459","https://openalex.org/W3190540921","https://openalex.org/W3198651167","https://openalex.org/W4236914994","https://openalex.org/W4254727698","https://openalex.org/W4287779512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W2144453115","https://openalex.org/W2128223750","https://openalex.org/W4238532390","https://openalex.org/W2188872161","https://openalex.org/W2961779879","https://openalex.org/W797688974","https://openalex.org/W2002978035","https://openalex.org/W2209382646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85],"COVID-19":[1,40],"pandemic":[2],"has":[3],"witnessed":[4],"the":[5,13,22],"implementations":[6],"of":[7,25,53,59,63,102],"exceptional":[8,37,64],"measures":[9,38,65],"by":[10],"governments":[11],"across":[12,41,69],"world":[14],"to":[15,31],"counteract":[16],"its":[17],"impact.":[18],"This":[19],"work":[20],"presents":[21],"initial":[23],"results":[24],"an":[26],"on-going":[27],"project,":[28],"EXCEPTIUS,":[29],"aiming":[30],"automatically":[32],"identify,":[33],"classify":[34],"and":[35],"compare":[36],"against":[39],"32":[42],"countries":[43],"in":[44],"Europe.":[45],"To":[46],"this":[47,92],"goal,":[48],"we":[49],"created":[50],"a":[51,78,98],"corpus":[52,81],"legal":[54],"documents":[55],"with":[56,97],"sentence-level":[57],"annotations":[58],"eight":[60],"different":[61],"classes":[62],"that":[66],"are":[67],"implemented":[68],"these":[70],"countries.":[71],"We":[72],"evaluated":[73],"multiple":[74],"multi-label":[75,94],"classifiers":[76],"on":[77,91],"manually":[79],"annotated":[80],"at":[82],"sentence":[83],"level.":[84],"XLM-RoBERTa":[86],"model":[87],"achieves":[88],"highest":[89],"performance":[90],"multilingual":[93],"classification":[95],"task,":[96],"macro-average":[99],"F1":[100],"score":[101],"59.8%.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}