{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211600329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eval4nlp-1.7","title":"Evaluation of Unsupervised Automatic Readability Assessors Using Rank Correlations","display_name":"Evaluation of Unsupervised Automatic Readability Assessors Using Rank Correlations","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211600329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eval4nlp-1.7","mag":"3211600329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2021.eval4nlp-1.7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eval4nlp-1.7","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2021.eval4nlp-1.7.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluation and Comparison of NLP Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2021.eval4nlp-1.7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007171156","display_name":"Yo Ehara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9314-4617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161107111","display_name":"Tokyo Gakugei University","ror":"https://ror.org/00khh5r84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161107111"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yo Ehara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Gakugei University 4-1-1 Nukuikita-machi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8501 Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Gakugei University 4-1-1 Nukuikita-machi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8501 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161107111"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007171156"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161107111"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15775802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"62","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.9805760383605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.8680416345596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7882962226867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pearson-product-moment-correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","score":0.7029099464416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.6383030414581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.610161542892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6015777587890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.5609912276268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank-correlation","display_name":"Rank correlation","score":0.4980893135070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.48405829071998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.440945029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4114680886268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39642274379730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.27942967414855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09036999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.06177684664726257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.9805760383605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.8680416345596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7882962226867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55078378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136628","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.7029099464416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6383030414581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.610161542892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6015777587890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.5609912276268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101601086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753228","display_name":"Rank correlation","level":2,"score":0.4980893135070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.48405829071998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.440945029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4114680886268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39642274379730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.27942967414855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09036999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.06177684664726257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2021.eval4nlp-1.7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eval4nlp-1.7","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2021.eval4nlp-1.7.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluation and Comparison of NLP Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2021.eval4nlp-1.7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eval4nlp-1.7","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2021.eval4nlp-1.7.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Evaluation and Comparison of NLP Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3805804055","display_name":"A Study of Language Questions for Assessing Ability in Language Learning Systems","funder_award_id":"18K18118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311508","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338246","display_name":"ACT-X","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211600329.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211600329.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63592799","https://openalex.org/W133394232","https://openalex.org/W646847456","https://openalex.org/W1146155598","https://openalex.org/W1481128830","https://openalex.org/W1507711477","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1531237901","https://openalex.org/W1570349499","https://openalex.org/W1602368597","https://openalex.org/W1746111881","https://openalex.org/W1967390364","https://openalex.org/W1985672254","https://openalex.org/W2048587526","https://openalex.org/W2110515480","https://openalex.org/W2124926790","https://openalex.org/W2133944470","https://openalex.org/W2169294309","https://openalex.org/W2250340570","https://openalex.org/W2509701397","https://openalex.org/W2514166524","https://openalex.org/W2577885215","https://openalex.org/W2579059440","https://openalex.org/W2793582435","https://openalex.org/W2806183494","https://openalex.org/W2807251235","https://openalex.org/W2827279372","https://openalex.org/W2838983983","https://openalex.org/W2889272830","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963510222","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964941017","https://openalex.org/W2995437014","https://openalex.org/W3007483534","https://openalex.org/W3037857969","https://openalex.org/W3040010296","https://openalex.org/W3134409176","https://openalex.org/W3158183629","https://openalex.org/W3177242839","https://openalex.org/W4233063693"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169518243","https://openalex.org/W2252095989","https://openalex.org/W4322096525","https://openalex.org/W2551914602","https://openalex.org/W4281893144","https://openalex.org/W4287323699","https://openalex.org/W2105076537","https://openalex.org/W2084531783","https://openalex.org/W2902731467","https://openalex.org/W2787311093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"readability":[1,10,48,103,111],"assessment":[2],"(ARA)":[3],"is":[4,18,94],"the":[5,28,79,98,101,115,120],"task":[6],"of":[7,30,54,73,100],"automatically":[8],"assessing":[9],"with":[11,47],"little":[12],"or":[13],"no":[14],"human":[15],"supervision.":[16],"ARA":[17],"essential":[19],"for":[20],"many":[21],"second":[22],"language":[23,35,56],"acquisition":[24],"applications":[25],"to":[26,62],"reduce":[27],"workload":[29],"annotators,":[31],"who":[32],"are":[33],"usually":[34],"teachers.":[36],"Previous":[37],"unsupervised":[38,110,127],"approaches":[39],"manually":[40],"searched":[41],"textual":[42],"features":[43],"that":[44,83,113],"correlated":[45],"well":[46],"labels,":[49],"such":[50],"as":[51],"perplexity":[52],"scores":[53],"large":[55],"models.":[57],"This":[58],"paper":[59],"argues":[60],"that,":[61],"evaluate":[63],"an":[64],"assessors'":[65],"performance,":[66],"rank-correlation":[67],"coefficients":[68],"should":[69],"be":[70,87],"used":[71],"instead":[72],"Pearson's":[74,91,124],"correlation":[75],"coefficient":[76],"().":[77],"In":[78],"experiments,":[80],"we":[81],"show":[82],"its":[84],"performance":[85,117],"can":[86],"easily":[88],"underestimated":[89],"using":[90],",":[92],"which":[93],"significantly":[95],"affected":[96],"by":[97],"linearity":[99],"output":[102],"scores.":[104],"We":[105],"also":[106],"propose":[107],"a":[108],"lightweight":[109],"assessor":[112],"achieved":[114],"best":[116],"in":[118],"both":[119],"rank":[121],"correlations":[122],"and":[123],"among":[125],"all":[126],"assessors":[128],"compared.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
