{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196373945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-185","title":"Multiclass Classification of Four Types of UML Diagrams from Images Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Multiclass Classification of Four Types of UML Diagrams from Images Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196373945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-185","mag":"3196373945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18293/seke2021-185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-185","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220650826","display_name":"Proceedings/Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"2325-9000","issn":["2325-9000","2325-9086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conferences on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-185","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003371246","display_name":"Sergei Shcherban","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sergei Shcherban","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science Wuhan University, China","IBO Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Shenzhen, China","School of Computer Science Central China Normal University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Wuhan University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBO Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003371246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I40963666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2058,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89928339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"57","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9013000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9013000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7338964343070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.692878007888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.6545922756195068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.4992992877960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.48888319730758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-diagram","display_name":"Class diagram","score":0.4481658637523651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.19296476244926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.15784788131713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.043819040060043335}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7338964343070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.692878007888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.6545922756195068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.4992992877960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.48888319730758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202446494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664166","display_name":"Class diagram","level":4,"score":0.4481658637523651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.19296476244926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.15784788131713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.043819040060043335}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18293/seke2021-185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-185","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220650826","display_name":"Proceedings/Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"2325-9000","issn":["2325-9000","2325-9086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conferences on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18293/seke2021-185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-185","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-185","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220650826","display_name":"Proceedings/Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"2325-9000","issn":["2325-9000","2325-9086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conferences on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196373945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196373945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52520230","https://openalex.org/W179792259","https://openalex.org/W252921531","https://openalex.org/W1538131130","https://openalex.org/W1981740698","https://openalex.org/W1993659806","https://openalex.org/W1994793640","https://openalex.org/W2099293367","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2123863234","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2319003849","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2662969263","https://openalex.org/W2736941579","https://openalex.org/W2807959692","https://openalex.org/W2887280559","https://openalex.org/W2895788995","https://openalex.org/W2920974670","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2990695366","https://openalex.org/W2996983975","https://openalex.org/W3152756576","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4297812480","https://openalex.org/W4376626181","https://openalex.org/W6602084278","https://openalex.org/W6676297131","https://openalex.org/W6678818831","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6725739302","https://openalex.org/W6754002923","https://openalex.org/W6762585180","https://openalex.org/W6770777571","https://openalex.org/W6893649796","https://openalex.org/W7073843381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379755045","https://openalex.org/W2387087283","https://openalex.org/W2789919619","https://openalex.org/W2164169094","https://openalex.org/W2372699303","https://openalex.org/W2370069317","https://openalex.org/W1968959699","https://openalex.org/W1992980525","https://openalex.org/W2293457016","https://openalex.org/W2079040328"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"UML":[0,20,40,48,58,71,137,211],"diagrams":[1,21,59,72],"are":[2,22],"a":[3,39,163,167],"recognized":[4],"standard":[5],"modelling":[6],"language":[7],"for":[8,133,209],"representing":[9],"design":[10],"of":[11,25,47,70,91,103,136,161,165,169,174],"software":[12],"systems.":[13],"For":[14],"academic":[15],"research,":[16],"large":[17],"cases":[18],"containing":[19],"needed.":[23],"One":[24],"the":[26,89,101,150,154,178,190,198],"challenges":[27],"in":[28],"collecting":[29],"such":[30],"datasets":[31,62],"is":[32,38],"automatically":[33],"determining":[34],"whether":[35],"an":[36,50,159,172],"image":[37,51,202,206],"diagram":[41,49],"or":[42],"not":[43],"and":[44,63,80,84,121,171,196],"what":[45],"type":[46],"contains.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"study,":[55],"we":[56,156,183],"collected":[57],"from":[60],"open":[61],"manually":[64],"labeled":[65],"them":[66],"into":[67],"four":[68],"types":[69],"(i.e.,":[73],"class":[74,109],"diagrams,":[75,77,79,110,113,117,120],"activity":[76,112],"sequence":[78,119],"use":[81,115],"case":[82,116],"diagrams)":[83],"non-UML":[85,123],"images.":[86],"We":[87,126],"evaluated":[88,157],"performance":[90,152],"five":[92],"popular":[93],"neural":[94,130,146,179],"network":[95,131,147,180],"architectures":[96,181],"using":[97,207],"transfer":[98],"learning":[99],"on":[100],"dataset":[102],"3231":[104],"images":[105],"that":[106,143,182],"contains":[107],"700":[108],"454":[111],"651":[114],"706":[118],"720":[122],"images,":[124],"respectively.":[125],"also":[127],"proposed":[128,145,187],"our":[129,144,186],"architecture":[132,148,188],"multiclass":[134],"classification":[135],"diagrams.":[138,212],"The":[139],"experiment":[140],"results":[141],"show":[142],"achieved":[149],"best":[151],"amongst":[153],"algorithms":[155],"with":[158],"accuracy":[160],"98.65%,":[162],"precision":[164],"96.76%,":[166],"recall":[168],"96.48%,":[170],"F1-score":[173],"96.62%.":[175],"Moreover,":[176],"among":[177],"have":[184],"evaluated,":[185],"has":[189],"least":[191,199],"parameters":[192],"(around":[193],"2.4":[194],"millions)":[195],"spends":[197],"time":[200],"per":[201,205],"(0.0135":[203],"seconds":[204],"GPU)":[208],"classifying":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}