{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151214578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17977/um018v8i22025p145-156","title":"Real-time Deep Learning Detection of Toraja Carving Motifs using YOLO11m for Cultural Heritage Preservation","display_name":"Real-time Deep Learning Detection of Toraja Carving Motifs using YOLO11m for Cultural Heritage Preservation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151214578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17977/um018v8i22025p145-156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.17977/um018v8i22025p145-156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17977/um018v8i22025p145-156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237352","display_name":"Knowledge Engineering and Data Science","issn_l":"2597-4602","issn":["2597-4602","2597-4637"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314921","host_organization_name":"State University of Malang","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314921"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["State University of Malang"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge Engineering and Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.17977/um018v8i22025p145-156","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133079862","display_name":"Herman Herman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116576","display_name":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0s8023","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herman Herman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133130604","display_name":"Farid Wajdi Mufti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116576","display_name":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0s8023","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farid Wajdi Mufti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133105700","display_name":"Abdul Rachman Manga","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116576","display_name":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0s8023","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Rachman Manga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080483162","display_name":"Haidawati Nasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5914-8451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4528857","display_name":"University of Kuala Lumpur","ror":"https://ror.org/026wwrx19","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haidawati Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysian Institute of Information Technology (MIIT), Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysian Institute of Information Technology (MIIT), Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68775484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"145","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.1492999941110611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.1492999941110611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.05609999969601631,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11846","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation","score":0.04439999908208847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carving","display_name":"Carving","score":0.6784999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-heritage","display_name":"Cultural heritage","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-artifact","display_name":"Cultural artifact","score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.3531000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777370761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18448934","display_name":"Carving","level":2,"score":0.6784999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60671577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural heritage","level":2,"score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115233962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1791627","display_name":"Cultural artifact","level":2,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23746413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141379","display_name":"Seam carving","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994055011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural knowledge","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775966667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423384","display_name":"Knowledge modeling","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992975276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11042","display_name":"Cultural background","level":4,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.17977/um018v8i22025p145-156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17977/um018v8i22025p145-156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237352","display_name":"Knowledge Engineering and Data Science","issn_l":"2597-4602","issn":["2597-4602","2597-4637"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314921","host_organization_name":"State University of Malang","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314921"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["State University of Malang"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge Engineering and Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17977/um018v8i22025p145-156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17977/um018v8i22025p145-156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237352","display_name":"Knowledge Engineering and Data Science","issn_l":"2597-4602","issn":["2597-4602","2597-4637"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314921","host_organization_name":"State University of Malang","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314921"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["State University of Malang"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge Engineering and Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7525895237922668,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Toraja":[0,86],"carvings":[1],"are":[2],"an":[3,139,167],"important":[4],"part":[5],"of":[6,22,69,84,104,169,209,217,238],"Indonesia\u2019s":[7],"cultural":[8,58,79,210,219,239],"heritage,":[9],"rich":[10],"in":[11,147,174],"symbolic,":[12],"aesthetic,":[13],"and":[14,20,34,42,91,111,118,130,150,156,178,187,207,229],"philosophical":[15],"meaning.":[16],"However,":[17],"the":[18,50,67,70,144,193,203,236],"identification":[19],"preservation":[21,216],"carving":[23,87],"motifs":[24],"still":[25],"rely":[26],"on":[27,138],"subjective,":[28],"time-consuming":[29],"manual":[30],"processes,":[31],"limiting":[32],"scalability":[33],"inconsistent":[35],"knowledge":[36,80,240],"transmission.":[37],"From":[38],"a":[39,74],"Knowledge":[40],"Engineering":[41],"Cognitive":[43],"Data":[44],"Science":[45],"perspective,":[46],"this":[47],"challenge":[48],"highlights":[49],"need":[51],"for":[52,77,120],"mechanisms":[53],"that":[54,164,196],"can":[55,201],"transform":[56],"visual":[57,177],"artifacts":[59],"into":[60,125],"structured,":[61],"machine-interpretable":[62],"knowledge.":[63],"This":[64],"study":[65],"investigates":[66],"use":[68],"YOLO11m":[71,165],"model":[72,135],"as":[73,184],"data-driven":[75],"approach":[76],"modeling":[78],"through":[81,113],"automated":[82],"detection":[83,191,200,231],"three":[85],"motifs:":[88],"pa_tedong,":[89],"pa_kapu_baka,":[90],"pa_manu_londongan":[92],"using":[93,143,152],"original":[94],"images":[95,107],"collected":[96],"directly":[97],"from":[98],"traditional":[99,218],"Tongkonan":[100],"houses.":[101],"A":[102],"total":[103],"222":[105],"high-resolution":[106],"were":[108],"manually":[109],"annotated":[110],"preprocessed":[112],"resizing":[114],"to":[115,213,233],"640\u00d7640":[116],"pixels":[117],"auto-orientation":[119],"input":[121],"standardization,":[122],"then":[123],"divided":[124],"70%":[126],"training,":[127],"20%":[128],"validation,":[129],"10%":[131],"testing":[132],"sets.":[133],"The":[134],"was":[136],"trained":[137],"NVIDIA":[140],"A100":[141],"GPU":[142],"Ultralytics":[145],"framework":[146],"Google":[148],"Colab":[149],"evaluated":[151],"precision,":[153],"recall,":[154],"F1-score,":[155],"mean":[157],"Average":[158],"Precision":[159],"(mAP).":[160],"Experimental":[161],"results":[162],"show":[163],"achieved":[166],"mAP@0.5":[168],"96.5%,":[170],"demonstrating":[171],"robust":[172],"performance":[173],"capturing":[175],"complex":[176],"semantic":[179],"patterns":[180],"despite":[181],"challenges":[182],"such":[183],"motif":[185],"similarity":[186],"data":[188],"imbalance.":[189],"Beyond":[190],"accuracy,":[192],"findings":[194],"indicate":[195],"deep":[197],"learning\u2013based":[198],"object":[199],"support":[202],"systematic":[204],"documentation,":[205],"interpretation,":[206],"reuse":[208],"knowledge,":[211],"contributing":[212],"scalable":[214],"digital":[215],"artifacts.":[220],"Future":[221],"work":[222],"will":[223],"explore":[224],"larger":[225],"datasets,":[226],"optimized":[227],"hyperparameters,":[228],"advanced":[230],"models":[232],"further":[234],"enhance":[235],"robustness":[237],"representations":[241],"further.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}
