{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128489712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.25.00155","title":"Low carbon dioxide 3D printable concrete: balancing rheology, strength and environmental impact using bentonite and ground granulated blast-furnace slag","display_name":"Low carbon dioxide 3D printable concrete: balancing rheology, strength and environmental impact using bentonite and ground granulated blast-furnace slag","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128489712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.25.00155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1680/jmacr.25.00155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.25.00155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187103194","display_name":"Magazine of Concrete Research","issn_l":"0024-9831","issn":["0024-9831","1751-763X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311678","host_organization_name":"ICE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311678"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ICE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Magazine of Concrete Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116736405","display_name":"Sajad Garshasbi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84248293","display_name":"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02zc85170","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84248293"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sajad Garshasbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering, , Babol,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering, , Babol,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84248293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076964763","display_name":"Seyed Sina Mousavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1367-7419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84248293","display_name":"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02zc85170","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84248293"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Sina Mousavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering, , Babol,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering, , Babol,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84248293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hadi Nazarpour","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84248293","display_name":"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02zc85170","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84248293"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Nazarpour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering, , Babol,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering, , Babol,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84248293"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056070167","display_name":"Mehdi Dehestani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9609-4512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84248293","display_name":"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02zc85170","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84248293"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Dehestani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering, , Babol,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering, , Babol,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84248293"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116736405"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84248293"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42722955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"3-4","first_page":"217","last_page":"237"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13518","display_name":"Architecture and Computational Design","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portland-cement","display_name":"Portland cement","score":0.867900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cementitious","display_name":"Cementitious","score":0.7567999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-assessment","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","score":0.7202000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bentonite","display_name":"Bentonite","score":0.6136999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"Compressive strength","score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-impact-assessment","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","score":0.5221999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement","display_name":"Cement","score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.4918000102043152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.867900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779666059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cementitious","level":3,"score":0.7567999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778706760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581950","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","level":3,"score":0.7202000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777979977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380149","display_name":"Bentonite","level":2,"score":0.6136999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5461000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5407999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.5221999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159048435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105783","display_name":"Slag (welding)","level":2,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984708878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385378","display_name":"Construction industry","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130767629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7905205","display_name":"Mortar","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104304963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5316114","display_name":"Durability","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111874474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6005872","display_name":"Impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87343466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236139","display_name":"Fly ash","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33819350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353009","display_name":"Ground granulated blast-furnace slag","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1680/jmacr.25.00155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.25.00155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187103194","display_name":"Magazine of Concrete Research","issn_l":"0024-9831","issn":["0024-9831","1751-763X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311678","host_organization_name":"ICE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311678"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ICE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Magazine of Concrete Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5217601656913757,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000282519","https://openalex.org/W2030488271","https://openalex.org/W2086383152","https://openalex.org/W2150583969","https://openalex.org/W2589601299","https://openalex.org/W2594775273","https://openalex.org/W2604877853","https://openalex.org/W2606387782","https://openalex.org/W2753713612","https://openalex.org/W2790480906","https://openalex.org/W2793435880","https://openalex.org/W2903745107","https://openalex.org/W2906101038","https://openalex.org/W2915309218","https://openalex.org/W2934333663","https://openalex.org/W2957412640","https://openalex.org/W2960078234","https://openalex.org/W2969193009","https://openalex.org/W2969857520","https://openalex.org/W2970436015","https://openalex.org/W2987444232","https://openalex.org/W3002092900","https://openalex.org/W3006766015","https://openalex.org/W3007366503","https://openalex.org/W3012977463","https://openalex.org/W3029677890","https://openalex.org/W3033749568","https://openalex.org/W3035222032","https://openalex.org/W3081050669","https://openalex.org/W3083911135","https://openalex.org/W3109537027","https://openalex.org/W3110976172","https://openalex.org/W3130820175","https://openalex.org/W3132151686","https://openalex.org/W3146163034","https://openalex.org/W3146723395","https://openalex.org/W3174510524","https://openalex.org/W3175464350","https://openalex.org/W3176332993","https://openalex.org/W3182884569","https://openalex.org/W3186129827","https://openalex.org/W3214198710","https://openalex.org/W4200461791","https://openalex.org/W4210685680","https://openalex.org/W4220660636","https://openalex.org/W4291165412","https://openalex.org/W4295166428","https://openalex.org/W4315865197","https://openalex.org/W4319439805","https://openalex.org/W4383102602","https://openalex.org/W4389674136","https://openalex.org/W4392131388","https://openalex.org/W4393250932","https://openalex.org/W4400279319","https://openalex.org/W4404136275"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"achieve":[1,190],"an":[2,21,46,191],"optimum":[3],"mix":[4,193],"design":[5,194],"for":[6,80,169,195],"three-dimensional":[7],"concrete":[8,62],"printing":[9],"(3DCP),":[10],"a":[11,32,88,121,130,138,163],"life":[12],"cycle":[13],"assessment":[14,90],"(LCA)":[15],"analysis":[16],"was":[17,35,50,91,146],"performed":[18,92],"based":[19],"on":[20,29,37],"experimental":[22,48],"database":[23],"gathered":[24],"from":[25],"the":[26,30,38,43,54,57,125,134,170,175,183],"literature.":[27],"Based":[28],"LCA,":[31],"sustainability":[33,89,176],"comparison":[34],"conducted":[36,51],"three-dimensionally":[39],"printed":[40],"concretes":[41],"in":[42,124,133,141],"database.":[44],"Then,":[45],"extensive":[47],"programme":[49,65],"to":[52,159,189],"check":[53],"performance":[55],"of":[56,60,127,150,166],"LCA":[58,184],"results":[59],"20":[61],"mixtures.":[63],"This":[64],"considered":[66],"various":[67],"binder":[68],"systems,":[69],"including":[70],"Portland":[71,151],"cement":[72,152],"and":[73,82,104,117,137,177,185],"supplementary":[74],"cementitious":[75],"materials":[76],"(SCMs).":[77],"Various":[78],"tests":[79],"fresh":[81],"hardened":[83],"properties":[84],"were":[85],"conducted.":[86],"Finally,":[87],"by":[93,157],"measuring":[94],"environmental":[95,102],"effects":[96],"through":[97],"carbon":[98],"dioxide":[99],"emissions":[100],"(CDE),":[101],"damage":[103],"energy":[105],"demand.":[106],"The":[107],"findings":[108],"showed":[109],"that":[110,147],"using":[111],"SCMs":[112,154],"can":[113],"significantly":[114],"reduce":[115],"flowability":[116],"increase":[118,123,140],"workability.":[119],"Specifically,":[120],"10%":[122],"amount":[126],"bentonite":[128],"caused":[129],"25%":[131],"decrease":[132],"spreading":[135],"diameter":[136],"20%":[139],"buildability.":[142],"A":[143],"key":[144],"finding":[145],"substituting":[148],"30%":[149],"with":[153,182],"reduced":[155],"CDE":[156],"up":[158],"18%":[160],"while":[161],"achieving":[162],"compressive":[164],"strength":[165],"25":[167],"MPa":[168],"optimised":[171],"mix.":[172],"In":[173],"contrast,":[174],"3D":[178],"printability":[179],"criteria":[180],"conflicted":[181],"must":[186],"be":[187],"balanced":[188],"optimal":[192],"3DCP.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}
