{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402992159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300503","title":"Camouflaged target detection based on multimodal image input pixel-level fusion","display_name":"Camouflaged target detection based on multimodal image input pixel-level fusion","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402992159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300503"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1631/fitee.2300503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189857","display_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","issn_l":"2095-9184","issn":["2095-9184","2095-9230"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101957629","display_name":"Ruihui Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9049-6742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruihui Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057875262","display_name":"Jie Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7918-0941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7918-0941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101203200","display_name":"Xueting Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueting Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101976058","display_name":"Dianxing Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0917-4383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162215","display_name":"Naval Aeronautical and Astronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j2yhq26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dianxing Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Insitute of Information Fusion, Naval Aeronautical University, Yantai, China","Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insitute of Information Fusion, Naval Aeronautical University, Yantai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162215"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066568102","display_name":"Shuncheng Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162215","display_name":"Naval Aeronautical and Astronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j2yhq26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuncheng Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Insitute of Information Fusion, Naval Aeronautical University, Yantai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insitute of Information Fusion, Naval Aeronautical University, Yantai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111347497","display_name":"Yingjuan Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjuan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101867659","display_name":"Wei Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101957629"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3951,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97265649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"9","first_page":"1226","last_page":"1239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6904432773590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6752535104751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6631101369857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.6195234060287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5590175986289978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5420262813568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.48862773180007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3489958643913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.056184351444244385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6904432773590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6752535104751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6631101369857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.6195234060287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5590175986289978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5420262813568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48862773180007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3489958643913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.056184351444244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1631/fitee.2300503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189857","display_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","issn_l":"2095-9184","issn":["2095-9184","2095-9230"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1897104032","https://openalex.org/W1968773971","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2904202731","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3034684132","https://openalex.org/W3092344722","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3176152216","https://openalex.org/W4249165268","https://openalex.org/W4281653969","https://openalex.org/W4281790833","https://openalex.org/W4302363373","https://openalex.org/W4304759150","https://openalex.org/W4312369117","https://openalex.org/W4376106313","https://openalex.org/W4403233831"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2788731446","https://openalex.org/W2204403038","https://openalex.org/W3152170969","https://openalex.org/W2379054866","https://openalex.org/W2549658594","https://openalex.org/W2095903272","https://openalex.org/W2370195708","https://openalex.org/W1490651872","https://openalex.org/W2139242969","https://openalex.org/W2284201331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Camouflaged":[0],"targets":[1,29,127],"are":[2],"a":[3,42,49,64,91,121,142,166,171,176,182,191],"type":[4],"of":[5,72,86,125,135,169,174,180,187,195,199,204],"nonsalient":[6],"target":[7,16,20,54,106,145,215],"with":[8,165,213],"high":[9,43],"foreground":[10],"and":[11,14,41,77,96,118,190],"background":[12],"fusion":[13,52,71],"minimal":[15],"feature":[17,84],"information,":[18,35],"making":[19],"recognition":[21,172],"extremely":[22],"difficult.":[23],"Most":[24],"detection":[25,39,45,55,116,123,163,167,193,205],"algorithms":[26],"for":[27],"camouflaged":[28,53,74,88,126],"use":[30],"only":[31],"the":[32,73,82,87,97,105,110,132,149,156,160],"target\u2019s":[33,75],"single-band":[34],"resulting":[36],"in":[37,58,109,202,210],"low":[38],"accuracy":[40,117,168,206],"missed":[44],"rate.":[46],"We":[47],"present":[48],"multimodal":[50,65],"image":[51,66],"technique":[56,100],"(MIF-YOLOv5)":[57],"this":[59,200],"paper.":[60],"First,":[61],"we":[62,140],"provide":[63],"input":[67],"to":[68,80,103,112,130,147],"achieve":[69],"pixel-level":[70],"optical":[76],"infrared":[78],"images":[79],"improve":[81],"effective":[83],"information":[85],"target.":[89],"Second,":[90],"loss":[92],"function":[93],"is":[94,101,128,207],"created,":[95],"K-Means++":[98],"clustering":[99],"used":[102],"optimize":[104],"anchor":[107],"frame":[108],"dataset":[111,146],"increase":[113,179,186],"camouflage":[114,144],"personnel":[115],"robustness.":[119],"Finally,":[120],"comprehensive":[122,162,192],"index":[124,194],"proposed":[129,157],"compare":[131],"overall":[133],"effectiveness":[134],"various":[136],"approaches.":[137],"More":[138],"crucially,":[139],"create":[141],"multispectral":[143],"test":[148],"suggested":[150],"technique.":[151],"Experimental":[152],"results":[153],"show":[154],"that":[155],"method":[158,201],"has":[159],"best":[161],"performance,":[164],"96.5%,":[170],"probability":[173],"92.5%,":[175],"parameter":[177],"number":[178],"1\u00d7104,":[181],"theoretical":[183],"calculation":[184],"amount":[185],"0.03":[188],"GFLOPs,":[189],"0.85.":[196],"The":[197],"advantage":[198],"terms":[203],"also":[208],"apparent":[209],"performance":[211],"comparisons":[212],"other":[214],"algorithms.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}