{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3087611034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1900552","title":"Subspace transform induced robust similarity measure for facial images","display_name":"Subspace transform induced robust similarity measure for facial images","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3087611034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1900552","mag":"3087611034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1631/fitee.1900552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1900552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189857","display_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","issn_l":"2095-9184","issn":["2095-9184","2095-9230"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409861","display_name":"Jian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5764-9351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5764-9351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373129","display_name":"Heng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-3892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-3892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016569973","display_name":"Liling Bo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-ling Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101670302","display_name":"Hongran Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7437-7359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-ran Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070936827","display_name":"Shuai Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5102-9298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083600743","display_name":"Dongqing Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-qing Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100373129"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1923,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49495056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"1334","last_page":"1345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.7422614097595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.7085514068603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6308799386024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity-measure","display_name":"Similarity measure","score":0.6150248646736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5669075846672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5566568374633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43818432092666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.43260055780410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39531242847442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2935534119606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.15599572658538818}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.7422614097595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.7085514068603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6308799386024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776517306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29017317","display_name":"Similarity measure","level":2,"score":0.6150248646736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5669075846672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5566568374633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43818432092666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.43260055780410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39531242847442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2935534119606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.15599572658538818}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1631/fitee.1900552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1900552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189857","display_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","issn_l":"2095-9184","issn":["2095-9184","2095-9230"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76086797","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1993497945","https://openalex.org/W1998834305","https://openalex.org/W2008107235","https://openalex.org/W2011023064","https://openalex.org/W2013762792","https://openalex.org/W2039841289","https://openalex.org/W2046365451","https://openalex.org/W2070343473","https://openalex.org/W2074271002","https://openalex.org/W2077166865","https://openalex.org/W2089474427","https://openalex.org/W2090695002","https://openalex.org/W2093922090","https://openalex.org/W2097486709","https://openalex.org/W2103705607","https://openalex.org/W2120100419","https://openalex.org/W2121666021","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2125874614","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2133053556","https://openalex.org/W2135929400","https://openalex.org/W2144143728","https://openalex.org/W2145391482","https://openalex.org/W2153288431","https://openalex.org/W2202719301","https://openalex.org/W2428120229","https://openalex.org/W2483194642","https://openalex.org/W2616555170","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W2765268259","https://openalex.org/W2771655311","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W2961453427","https://openalex.org/W2964081303","https://openalex.org/W6603548105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2319693127","https://openalex.org/W2111173507","https://openalex.org/W1992371859","https://openalex.org/W2606618787","https://openalex.org/W121350374","https://openalex.org/W3142162173","https://openalex.org/W2040407180","https://openalex.org/W3015424904","https://openalex.org/W2135077600","https://openalex.org/W2164844972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Similarity":[0],"measure":[1,35,52,57,105],"has":[2],"long":[3],"played":[4],"a":[5],"critical":[6],"role":[7],"and":[8,19,87,96,103,143],"attracted":[9],"great":[10],"interest":[11],"in":[12,80,123,139],"various":[13],"areas":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"pattern":[17],"recognition":[18,83,125],"machine":[20],"perception.":[21],"Nevertheless,":[22],"there":[23],"remains":[24],"the":[25,41,64,69,81,93,101,112,117,133,136],"issue":[26],"of":[27,43,107,111,135,141],"developing":[28],"an":[29,47],"efficient":[30],"two-dimensional":[31],"(2D)":[32],"robust":[33,60,104],"similarity":[34,51,56,70],"method":[36,66,138],"for":[37,59],"images.":[38],"Inspired":[39],"by":[40,84],"properties":[42],"subspace,":[44],"we":[45],"develop":[46],"effective":[48],"2D":[49],"image":[50],"technique,":[53],"named":[54],"transformation":[55,86],"(TSM),":[58],"face":[61,82,124],"recognition.":[62],"Specifically,":[63],"TSM":[65,113,137],"robustly":[67],"determines":[68],"between":[71],"two":[72],"well-aligned":[73],"frontal":[74],"facial":[75],"images":[76],"while":[77],"weakening":[78],"interference":[79],"linear":[85],"singular":[88],"value":[89],"decomposition.":[90],"We":[91],"present":[92],"mathematical":[94],"features":[95],"some":[97],"odds":[98],"to":[99],"reveal":[100],"feasible":[102],"mechanism":[106],"TSM.":[108],"The":[109],"performance":[110],"method,":[114],"combined":[115],"with":[116],"nearest":[118],"neighbor":[119],"rule,":[120],"is":[121],"evaluated":[122],"under":[126],"different":[127],"challenges.":[128],"Experimental":[129],"results":[130],"clearly":[131],"show":[132],"advantages":[134],"terms":[140],"accuracy":[142],"robustness.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}