{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3009794660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1900467","title":"Energy-efficient power amplifiers and linearization techniques for massive MIMO transmitters: a review","display_name":"Energy-efficient power amplifiers and linearization techniques for massive MIMO transmitters: a review","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3009794660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1900467","mag":"3009794660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1631/fitee.1900467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1900467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189857","display_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","issn_l":"2095-9184","issn":["2095-9184","2095-9230"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology &amp; Electronic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002204395","display_name":"Xin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9523-9094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9523-9094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089957015","display_name":"Guansheng Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-6201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan-sheng Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052893137","display_name":"Dehan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6270-3575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"De-han Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766414","display_name":"Wenhua Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-8709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-hua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-8709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086339362","display_name":"Fadhel M. Ghannouchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-1656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadhel M. Ghannouchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N1N4, Alberta, Canada","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N1N4, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59131262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"72","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predistortion","display_name":"Predistortion","score":0.8486870527267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.6700554490089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearization","display_name":"Linearization","score":0.6384320259094238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.6245198845863342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5903313755989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.5016288757324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.4398620128631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4157821238040924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2543906569480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.13860610127449036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.08286422491073608}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778587875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239686","display_name":"Predistortion","level":4,"score":0.8486870527267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.6700554490089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11210021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520713","display_name":"Linearization","level":3,"score":0.6384320259094238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6245198845863342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5903313755989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.5016288757324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4398620128631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4157821238040924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2543906569480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.13860610127449036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.08286422491073608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1631/fitee.1900467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1900467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189857","display_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","issn_l":"2095-9184","issn":["2095-9184","2095-9230"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers of Information Technology &amp; Electronic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2713228701","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61941103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1432778544","https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1564994056","https://openalex.org/W1584244501","https://openalex.org/W1599602910","https://openalex.org/W1971499915","https://openalex.org/W1971957948","https://openalex.org/W1974597222","https://openalex.org/W1984114931","https://openalex.org/W1984632264","https://openalex.org/W1984805355","https://openalex.org/W1988236473","https://openalex.org/W1989761538","https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2011041508","https://openalex.org/W2018477734","https://openalex.org/W2024114550","https://openalex.org/W2027078727","https://openalex.org/W2032183485","https://openalex.org/W2034372317","https://openalex.org/W2036196620","https://openalex.org/W2036477244","https://openalex.org/W2045087601","https://openalex.org/W2047043550","https://openalex.org/W2055379506","https://openalex.org/W2056423971","https://openalex.org/W2056908848","https://openalex.org/W2067689482","https://openalex.org/W2076469715","https://openalex.org/W2077988461","https://openalex.org/W2090195299","https://openalex.org/W2091534167","https://openalex.org/W2095843437","https://openalex.org/W2097883826","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2107348726","https://openalex.org/W2108645711","https://openalex.org/W2116021345","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2123842207","https://openalex.org/W2126183808","https://openalex.org/W2126392132","https://openalex.org/W2128356146","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2164957638","https://openalex.org/W2169844503","https://openalex.org/W2170455866","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2242607274","https://openalex.org/W2266791556","https://openalex.org/W2327625748","https://openalex.org/W2346362292","https://openalex.org/W2420772357","https://openalex.org/W2472386987","https://openalex.org/W2551064222","https://openalex.org/W2551145285","https://openalex.org/W2552534805","https://openalex.org/W2553079792","https://openalex.org/W2554566990","https://openalex.org/W2559115858","https://openalex.org/W2559544641","https://openalex.org/W2569221055","https://openalex.org/W2589366549","https://openalex.org/W2591882232","https://openalex.org/W2593713116","https://openalex.org/W2607095088","https://openalex.org/W2612287136","https://openalex.org/W2617864797","https://openalex.org/W2625661385","https://openalex.org/W2671159002","https://openalex.org/W2711267835","https://openalex.org/W2734622284","https://openalex.org/W2736217564","https://openalex.org/W2743497445","https://openalex.org/W2746664360","https://openalex.org/W2757623703","https://openalex.org/W2762331020","https://openalex.org/W2763996972","https://openalex.org/W2764268233","https://openalex.org/W2767470952","https://openalex.org/W2767981088","https://openalex.org/W2768735204","https://openalex.org/W2772060856","https://openalex.org/W2779516493","https://openalex.org/W2779659573","https://openalex.org/W2779990702","https://openalex.org/W2790256436","https://openalex.org/W2790415845","https://openalex.org/W2791896328","https://openalex.org/W2793334130","https://openalex.org/W2793551581","https://openalex.org/W2794138903","https://openalex.org/W2794557817","https://openalex.org/W2796342606","https://openalex.org/W2797541338","https://openalex.org/W2803793567","https://openalex.org/W2804034418","https://openalex.org/W2810696062","https://openalex.org/W2885405888","https://openalex.org/W2885939960","https://openalex.org/W2886030489","https://openalex.org/W2887615503","https://openalex.org/W2896710109","https://openalex.org/W2896997212","https://openalex.org/W2899999543","https://openalex.org/W2900752226","https://openalex.org/W2909199090","https://openalex.org/W2912165130","https://openalex.org/W2933312709","https://openalex.org/W2945626685","https://openalex.org/W2947752667","https://openalex.org/W2949457549","https://openalex.org/W2949649067","https://openalex.org/W2963933750","https://openalex.org/W2963938534","https://openalex.org/W2971613657","https://openalex.org/W2972037027","https://openalex.org/W2972117128","https://openalex.org/W2972166885","https://openalex.org/W2972186332","https://openalex.org/W2981951650","https://openalex.org/W3098980465","https://openalex.org/W4245265664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2540210237","https://openalex.org/W2050609909","https://openalex.org/W4293094095","https://openalex.org/W1573839784","https://openalex.org/W2166364183","https://openalex.org/W2001465617","https://openalex.org/W2161051577","https://openalex.org/W4328010791","https://openalex.org/W2144971617","https://openalex.org/W2145608641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Highly":[0],"efficient":[1],"power":[2,132],"amplifiers":[3],"(PAs)":[4],"and":[5,22,44,54,64,68,79,100,115,129],"associated":[6],"linearization":[7,45],"techniques":[8,46,105,120],"have":[9,74],"been":[10,77],"developed":[11],"to":[12,95,107,109,123],"accommodate":[13],"the":[14,18,51,71,126,131],"explosive":[15],"growth":[16],"in":[17,112],"data":[19],"transmission":[20],"rate":[21],"application":[23],"of":[24],"massive":[25],"multiple":[26,28],"input":[27],"output":[29],"(mMIMO)":[30],"systems.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"paper,":[34],"energy-efficient":[35],"integrated":[36,41],"Doherty":[37],"PA":[38,80],"monolithic":[39],"microwave":[40],"circuits":[42],"(MMICs)":[43],"are":[47,66,84,121],"reviewed":[48],"for":[49,82],"both":[50],"sub-6":[52],"GHz":[53],"millimeter-wave":[55],"(mm-Wave)":[56],"fifth-generation":[57],"(5G)":[58],"mMIMO":[59,83,113],"systems;":[60],"different":[61],"semiconductor":[62],"processes":[63],"architectures":[65],"compared":[67],"analyzed.":[69],"Since":[70],"5G":[72],"protocols":[73],"not":[75],"yet":[76],"finalized":[78],"specifications":[81],"still":[85],"under":[86],"consideration,":[87],"it":[88],"is":[89],"worth":[90],"investigating":[91],"novel":[92],"design":[93],"methods":[94],"further":[96],"improve":[97,125],"their":[98],"efficiency":[99],"linearity":[101,118],"performance.":[102],"Digital":[103],"predistortion":[104],"need":[106],"evolve":[108],"be":[110],"adapted":[111],"systems,":[114],"some":[116],"creative":[117],"enhancement":[119],"needed":[122],"simultaneously":[124],"compensation":[127],"accuracy":[128],"reduce":[130],"consumption.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
