{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7137918253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38736","title":"No-Regret Strategy Solving in Imperfect-Information Games via Pre-Trained Embedding","display_name":"No-Regret Strategy Solving in Imperfect-Information Games via Pre-Trained Embedding","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7137918253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38736"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38736","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129706001","display_name":"Yanchang Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanchang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R.China\nNational Key Laboratory of Cognition and Decision Intelligence for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R.China\nNational Key Laboratory of Cognition and Decision Intelligence for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121157896","display_name":"Shengda Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengda Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Cognition and Decision Intelligence for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Cognition and Decision Intelligence for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060753420","display_name":"Pei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7851-3971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Cognition and Decision Intelligence for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Cognition and Decision Intelligence for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089545988","display_name":"Kaiqi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6834-6604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiqi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Cognition and Decision Intelligence for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Cognition and Decision Intelligence for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12374429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"20","first_page":"16906","last_page":"16913"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.91839998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.91839998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.013000000268220901,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.8654000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regret","display_name":"Regret","score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.43779999017715454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.8654000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6888999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50817715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79895177","display_name":"Regret","level":2,"score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35435516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5370016","display_name":"Embedding problem","level":3,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-quality":[0],"information":[1,56,105,126,195],"set":[2,196],"abstraction":[3,176],"remains":[4],"a":[5,84,131],"core":[6],"challenge":[7],"in":[8,73,90,141,190],"solving":[9,26,88],"large-scale":[10],"imperfect-information":[11],"extensive-form":[12],"games":[13],"(IIEFGs)--such":[14],"as":[15],"no-limit":[16],"Texas":[17],"Hold\u2019em--where":[18],"the":[19,29,51,62,69,80,101,114,121,162,187],"finite":[20],"nature":[21],"of":[22,64,103],"spatial":[23,164],"resources":[24],"hinders":[25],"strategies":[27,89],"for":[28,40,58,87,201],"full":[30],"game.":[31],"State-of-the-art":[32],"AI":[33,192],"methods":[34],"rely":[35],"on":[36,157],"pre-trained":[37],"discrete":[38],"clustering":[39],"abstraction,":[41],"yet":[42],"their":[43],"hard":[44],"classification":[45],"irreversibly":[46],"discards":[47],"critical":[48],"information:":[49],"specifically,":[50],"quantifiable":[52],"subtle":[53],"differences":[54],"between":[55,125],"sets--vital":[57],"strategy":[59,139,202],"solving--thus":[60],"compromising":[61],"quality":[63],"such":[65],"solving.":[66,203],"Inspired":[67],"by":[68,135],"word":[70],"embedding":[71,94,143,200],"paradigm":[72],"natural":[74],"language":[75],"processing,":[76],"this":[77,142],"paper":[78],"proposes":[79],"Embedding":[81,128,166],"CFR":[82,129,167],"algorithm,":[83],"novel":[85],"approach":[86],"IIEFGs":[91],"within":[92],"an":[93,108],"space.":[95],"The":[96],"algorithm":[97,189],"pre-trains":[98,194],"and":[99,123,138],"embeds":[100],"features":[102],"individual":[104],"sets":[106],"into":[107],"interconnected":[109],"low-dimensional":[110,199],"continuous":[111],"space,":[112,144],"where":[113],"resulting":[115],"vectors":[116],"more":[117],"precisely":[118],"capture":[119],"both":[120],"distinctions":[122],"connections":[124],"sets.":[127],"introduces":[130],"strategy-solving":[132],"process":[133],"driven":[134],"regret":[136],"accumulation":[137],"updates":[140],"with":[145,161],"supporting":[146],"theoretical":[147],"analysis":[148],"verifying":[149],"its":[150,179],"ability":[151],"to":[152,174,182],"reduce":[153],"cumulative":[154],"regret.":[155],"Experiments":[156],"poker":[158,191],"show":[159],"that":[160,193],"same":[163],"overhead,":[165],"achieves":[168],"significantly":[169],"faster":[170],"exploitability":[171],"convergence":[172],"compared":[173],"cluster-based":[175],"algorithms,":[177],"confirming":[178],"effectiveness.":[180],"Furthermore,":[181],"our":[183],"knowledge,":[184],"it":[185],"is":[186],"first":[188],"abstractions":[197],"via":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}
