{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138429879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42416","title":"HKAFER: Achieve Visual Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning via Heterogeneous Kronecker Adaptation for Facial Expression Recognition","display_name":"HKAFER: Achieve Visual Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning via Heterogeneous Kronecker Adaptation for Facial Expression Recognition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138429879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42416"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42416","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/42416/46377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/42416/46377","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129654216","display_name":"Yu Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129668073","display_name":"Haoyu Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129737117","display_name":"Zhiyong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129666709","display_name":"Wenze Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenze Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129656352","display_name":"Qian Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129686197","display_name":"Zhihao Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129740934","display_name":"Xueting Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129674489","display_name":"Weihong Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129682424","display_name":"Honghai Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honghai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5129654216"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70454545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"6","first_page":"4203","last_page":"4211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kronecker-product","display_name":"Kronecker product","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.5442000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5174000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5163999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.39890000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.762499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46030957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1238125","display_name":"Kronecker product","level":3,"score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6162999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.5442000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5174000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5163999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.39890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39482219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192826","display_name":"Kronecker delta","level":2,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136643341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361526","display_name":"Reachability","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12362212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728435","display_name":"Linear subspace","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42416","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/42416/46377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42416","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/42416/46377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7640964388847351}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1908760408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1943871057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62261160652","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2567398775","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61733011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3757194791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4345578192","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0095/2022/AFJ","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","funder_display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5306814501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51501202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7875817464","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52275013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8622328191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515012028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8627740535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB4703200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/05vna4324"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138429879.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138429879.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"Expression":[1],"Recognition":[2],"(FER)":[3],"seeks":[4],"to":[5,18,61,68,129,142],"classify":[6],"affective":[7],"states":[8],"from":[9],"facial":[10,72],"images,":[11],"which":[12,58,112,149],"remains":[13],"a":[14,122],"challenging":[15],"problem":[16],"due":[17],"variations":[19],"in":[20,95,121],"real-world":[21],"conditions.":[22],"FER":[23,66,186],"task":[24],"becomes":[25],"particularly":[26],"complex":[27,55],"when":[28],"handling":[29],"unconstrained":[30],"environments":[31],"characterized":[32],"by":[33],"partial":[34],"occlusions,":[35],"different":[36],"head":[37],"poses,":[38],"and":[39,54,63,101,152,168],"so":[40],"on.":[41],"To":[42],"address":[43],"the":[44,65,92,131,145,169],"above":[45],"problems,":[46],"current":[47],"approaches":[48],"rely":[49],"on":[50,70,118,184],"extensive":[51],"learnable":[52],"parameters":[53],"model":[56,67,81,178],"architectures,":[57],"inevitably":[59],"lead":[60],"overfitting":[62],"cause":[64],"focus":[69],"non-discriminative":[71],"regions.":[73],"In":[74,157],"this":[75,158],"work,":[76],"we":[77,106,135],"propose":[78,137],"an":[79],"HKAFER":[80,161],"that":[82,175],"can":[83,162],"adaptively":[84],"enhance":[85],"visual":[86],"expression":[87],"representations":[88],"through":[89],"efficiently":[90],"fine-tuning":[91],"image":[93],"encoder":[94],"large":[96],"Visual":[97],"Foundation":[98],"Models":[99,103],"(VFMs)":[100],"Vision-Language":[102],"(VLMs).":[104],"Specifically,":[105],"establish":[107],"Heterogeneous":[108],"Kronecker":[109,119],"Adaptation":[110],"(HeKA),":[111],"consists":[113],"of":[114,147],"multi-scale":[115],"adapters":[116],"based":[117],"product":[120],"parallel":[123],"manner,":[124],"offering":[125],"significantly":[126,191],"diverse":[127],"subspaces":[128],"learn":[130],"incremental":[132],"matrices.":[133],"Besides,":[134],"also":[136,189],"Dual-Branch":[138],"Interactive":[139],"Router":[140],"(DBIR)":[141],"dynamically":[143],"assign":[144],"weights":[146],"adapters,":[148],"promotes":[150],"collaboration":[151],"information":[153],"flow":[154],"among":[155],"them.":[156],"way,":[159],"our":[160,176],"effectively":[163],"capture":[164],"robust":[165],"spatial":[166],"features":[167],"regional":[170],"associations.":[171],"Experimental":[172],"results":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"proposed":[177],"not":[179],"only":[180],"outperforms":[181],"state-of-the-art":[182],"methods":[183],"several":[185],"benchmarks":[187],"but":[188],"uses":[190],"fewer":[192],"trainable":[193],"parameters.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}