{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138409954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42413","title":"BrainLMM: A Label-Free Framework for Mapping Multi-Semantic Representation in the Human Visual Cortex","display_name":"BrainLMM: A Label-Free Framework for Mapping Multi-Semantic Representation in the Human Visual Cortex","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138409954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42413"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42413","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/42413/46374","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/42413/46374","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129752066","display_name":"Tan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033633408","display_name":"Mufan Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mufan Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Interdisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Interdisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129659549","display_name":"Haofang Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haofang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129655584","display_name":"Shuo Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129715564","display_name":"Jia Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125684484","display_name":"Dabin Sheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dabin Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129736033","display_name":"Ziming Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziming Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129720438","display_name":"Xinyu Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129735537","display_name":"Andrew Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Data Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129749496","display_name":"Guoyuan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202334528","display_name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdzh226","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Interdisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China\nSchool of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Interdisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China\nSchool of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38235294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"6","first_page":"4176","last_page":"4184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.8292999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.8292999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.04749999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.024800000712275505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.7468000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.64410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-cortex","display_name":"Visual cortex","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-coding","display_name":"Neural coding","score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.40389999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.7468000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7024999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.64410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785","display_name":"Visual cortex","level":2,"score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77637269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002051","display_name":"Neural coding","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775955345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449071","display_name":"Semantic mapping","level":2,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780103172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309721","display_name":"Visual Objects","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178278151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936607","display_name":"Visual memory","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936617","display_name":"Visual processing","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42413","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/42413/46374","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.aaai.org:article/42413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/42413","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2159-5399","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i6.42413","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/42413/46374","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7407147594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62336002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323110","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324787","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138409954.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138409954.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"studies":[1],"leveraging":[2,76],"artificial":[3],"neural":[4],"networks":[5],"have":[6],"been":[7],"used":[8],"to":[9,30,80,85,93,98,118,149,152,186],"investigate":[10],"the":[11,57,65,108,120,154,168,176,195,201],"semantic":[12,33,165,189],"coding":[13],"within":[14,132],"human":[15,66],"visual":[16,68,82,146],"cortex.":[17,69],"However,":[18],"building":[19],"an":[20],"interpretable":[21],"label-free":[22,43],"framework":[23,44],"that":[24,139,180],"can":[25],"effectively":[26],"map":[27,94],"brain":[28,96],"responses":[29,50,84,131,147],"multiple":[31,99,163],"coexisting":[32],"concepts":[34,166,190],"remains":[35],"largely":[36],"unexplored.":[37],"Here,":[38],"we":[39,71,90,113,161],"propose":[40],"BrainLMM,":[41],"a":[42,61],"for":[45,171],"multi-semantic":[46,121,155],"mapping":[47,156],"of":[48,64,110,145,158,178],"voxel":[49,130],"by":[51,124],"combining":[52],"diverse":[53,77],"vision":[54,78],"encoders":[55,79],"with":[56,128],"Describe-and-Dissect":[58],"strategy,":[59],"enabling":[60],"hypothesis-free":[62],"analysis":[63],"high-level":[67],"First,":[70],"construct":[72],"voxel-wise":[73],"encoding":[74],"models":[75],"predict":[81],"cortical":[83,134,169],"natural":[86],"scene":[87],"images.":[88],"Then,":[89],"use":[91],"BrainLMM":[92,125,140],"individual":[95],"voxels":[97,179],"semantics":[100],"without":[101],"requiring":[102],"any":[103],"predefined":[104],"labels.":[105],"To":[106],"evaluate":[107],"effectiveness":[109],"our":[111,159],"method,":[112,160],"compute":[114],"Pearson":[115],"correlation":[116],"coefficients":[117],"compare":[119],"mappings":[122],"produced":[123],"and":[126,200],"CLIP-MSM":[127],"ground-truth":[129],"selective":[133],"areas.":[135],"Our":[136,173],"findings":[137],"indicate":[138],"achieves":[141],"more":[142],"accurate":[143],"predictions":[144],"compared":[148],"CLIP-MSM.":[150],"Finally,":[151],"demonstrate":[153],"capability":[157],"project":[162],"representative":[164],"onto":[167],"surface":[170],"visualization.":[172],"method":[174],"enables":[175],"discovery":[177],"exhibit":[181],"strong":[182],"activation":[183],"in":[184],"response":[185],"previously":[187],"undefined":[188],"across":[191],"two":[192],"independent":[193],"datasets:":[194],"Natural":[196,202],"Scenes":[197],"Dataset":[198,204],"(NSD)":[199],"Object":[203],"(NOD).":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}
