{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139053681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i40.40669","title":"Eliciting Chain-of-Thought in Base LLMs via Gradient-Based Representation Optimization","display_name":"Eliciting Chain-of-Thought in Base LLMs via Gradient-Based Representation Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139053681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i40.40669"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i40.40669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i40.40669","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/40669/44630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/40669/44630","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zijian Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107693911","display_name":"Yanxiang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-6944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanxiang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129783486","display_name":"Chang Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80246914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"40","first_page":"33782","last_page":"33790"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.44859999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.44859999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.09290000051259995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.04960000142455101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5249000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deductive-reasoning","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-reasoning","display_name":"Logical reasoning","score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.3443000018596649}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6417999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5249000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43971567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3142865","display_name":"Logical reasoning","level":2,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86827895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098582","display_name":"Opportunistic reasoning","level":4,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20162079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151406","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137002209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898521","display_name":"Hidden variable theory","level":3,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985612853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185816","display_name":"Analogical reasoning","level":3,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i40.40669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i40.40669","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/40669/44630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.aaai.org:article/40669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/40669","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2159-5399","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i40.40669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i40.40669","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/40669/44630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7139053681.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7139053681.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chain-of-Thought":[0],"(CoT)":[1],"reasoning":[2,30,43,90,138,158],"is":[3],"a":[4,33,84,112,150],"critical":[5],"capability":[6],"for":[7,87,156],"large":[8],"language":[9],"models":[10],"(LLMs),":[11],"enabling":[12],"them":[13],"to":[14,32,46,64,72],"tackle":[15],"complex":[16],"multi-step":[17],"tasks.":[18],"While":[19],"base":[20,92,161],"LLMs,":[21],"pre-trained":[22],"on":[23],"general":[24],"text":[25,77],"corpora,":[26],"often":[27,70],"struggle":[28],"with":[29,111],"due":[31,63],"lack":[34],"of":[35],"specialized":[36],"training,":[37],"recent":[38],"studies":[39],"reveal":[40],"their":[41,65],"latent":[42],"potential":[44],"tied":[45],"hidden":[47,51,95,122],"states.":[48],"However,":[49],"existing":[50,146],"state":[52,96],"manipulation":[53,97],"methods,":[54,148],"such":[55],"as":[56,107],"linear":[57],"activation":[58],"steering,":[59],"suffer":[60],"from":[61,91],"limitations":[62],"rigid":[66],"and":[67,75,115,136,153],"unconstrained":[68],"nature,":[69],"leading":[71],"distribution":[73],"shifts":[74],"degraded":[76],"quality.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"work,":[81],"we":[82],"propose":[83],"novel":[85],"approach":[86,143],"eliciting":[88],"CoT":[89],"LLMs":[93],"through":[94],"grounded":[98],"in":[99,160],"probabilistic":[100],"conditional":[101],"generation.":[102],"By":[103],"reformulating":[104],"the":[105],"challenge":[106],"an":[108],"optimization":[109],"problem":[110],"balanced":[113],"likelihood":[114],"prior":[116],"regularization":[117],"framework,":[118],"our":[119,142],"method":[120],"guides":[121],"states":[123],"toward":[124],"reasoning-oriented":[125],"trajectories":[126],"while":[127],"preserving":[128],"linguistic":[129],"coherence.":[130],"Extensive":[131],"evaluations":[132],"across":[133],"mathematical,":[134],"commonsense,":[135],"logical":[137],"benchmarks":[139],"demonstrate":[140],"that":[141],"consistently":[144],"outperforms":[145],"steering":[147],"offering":[149],"theoretically":[151],"principled":[152],"effective":[154],"solution":[155],"enhancing":[157],"capabilities":[159],"LLMs.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}
