{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138143684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i3.37164","title":"Surgical AI Copilot: Energy-Based Fourier Gradient Low-Rank Adaptation for Surgical LLM Agent Reasoning and Planning","display_name":"Surgical AI Copilot: Energy-Based Fourier Gradient Low-Rank Adaptation for Surgical LLM Agent Reasoning and Planning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138143684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i3.37164"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i3.37164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i3.37164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i3.37164","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129726024","display_name":"Jiayuan Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144746","display_name":"The London College","ror":"https://ror.org/0546ajs61","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144746"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiayuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK\nVisual Understanding Research Group, Dept of Informatics, King\u2019s College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK\nVisual Understanding Research Group, Dept of Informatics, King\u2019s College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144746","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129734593","display_name":"Runlong He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runlong He","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129744700","display_name":"Danyal Zaman Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289784979","display_name":"University College Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00wrevg56","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289784979","https://openalex.org/I1340918713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34931013","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danyal Zaman Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UK\nInstitute of Neurology, University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UK\nInstitute of Neurology, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151618","https://openalex.org/I1289784979","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048400975","display_name":"Evangelos B. Mazomenos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0357-5996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelos B. Mazomenos","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129652983","display_name":"Danail Stoyanov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144746","display_name":"The London College","ror":"https://ror.org/0546ajs61","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144746"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danail Stoyanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Computer Science, University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Computer Science, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144746","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129673935","display_name":"Hani Marcus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hani Marcus","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151618","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Linzhe Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linzhe Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086853496","display_name":"Matthew J. Clarkson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0447-9269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew John Clarkson","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011069641","display_name":"M. I. Hoque","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289784979","display_name":"University College Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00wrevg56","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289784979","https://openalex.org/I1340918713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mobarak I. Hoque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, The University of Manchester, UK\nUCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, The University of Manchester, UK\nUCL Hawkes Institute, University College London, UK\nDept of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289784979","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5129726024"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144746","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44070278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"3","first_page":"1846","last_page":"1854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.6069999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.6069999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.16830000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.043800000101327896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6906999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.6434999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.605400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-planning","display_name":"Surgical planning","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-procedures","display_name":"Surgical procedures","score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.3725000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6906999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.6434999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.605400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776627","display_name":"Surgical planning","level":2,"score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4564000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019611579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6641956","display_name":"Surgical procedures","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136085584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910289","display_name":"Overlay","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018700120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgical team","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i3.37164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i3.37164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i3.37164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i3.37164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image-guided":[0],"surgery":[1],"demands":[2],"adaptive,":[3],"real-time":[4,216],"decision":[5,36],"support,":[6],"yet":[7],"static":[8],"AI":[9,69],"models":[10,22],"struggle":[11],"with":[12,102],"structured":[13,115],"task":[14,32,83],"planning":[15,33,126,192],"and":[16,34,47,82,107,138,179,193,210],"providing":[17],"interactive":[18],"guidance.":[19],"Large":[20],"language":[21],"(LLMs)-powered":[23],"agents":[24,57,214],"offer":[25],"a":[26,123,145,198],"promising":[27],"solution":[28],"by":[29],"enabling":[30,166],"dynamic":[31],"predictive":[35],"support.":[37],"Despite":[38],"recent":[39,159],"advances,":[40],"the":[41,53,120,180,204],"absence":[42],"of":[43,55,59,79,158],"surgical":[44,108,124,129,170,200,212],"agent":[45,73,116,171,191],"datasets":[46],"robust":[48],"parameter-efficient":[49],"fine-tuning":[50],"techniques":[51],"limits":[52],"development":[54],"LLM":[56,72,213],"capable":[58,78],"complex":[60],"intraoperative":[61,103],"reasoning.":[62,140],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,118,142],"introduce":[67],"Surgical":[68],"Copilot,":[70],"an":[71],"for":[74,154,207],"image-guided":[75],"pituitary":[76],"surgery,":[77],"conversation,":[80],"planning,":[81,117],"execution":[84],"in":[85,215],"response":[86],"to":[87],"queries":[88],"involving":[89],"tasks":[90,130],"such":[91],"as":[92,169],"MRI":[93],"tumor":[94],"segmentation,":[95,98,137],"endoscope":[96],"anatomy":[97],"overlaying":[99],"preoperative":[100],"imaging":[101],"views,":[104],"instrument":[105,134],"tracking,":[106],"visual":[109],"question":[110],"answering":[111],"(VQA).":[112],"To":[113],"enable":[114],"develop":[119],"PitAgent":[121],"dataset,":[122],"context-aware":[125],"dataset":[127],"covering":[128],"like":[131],"workflow":[132],"analysis,":[133],"localization,":[135],"anatomical":[136],"query-based":[139],"Additionally,":[141],"propose":[143],"DEFT-GaLore,":[144],"Deterministic":[146],"Energy-based":[147],"Fourier":[148],"Transform":[149],"(DEFT)":[150],"gradient":[151],"projection":[152],"technique":[153,183],"efficient":[155,209],"low-rank":[156,187],"adaptation":[157,182,188],"LLMs":[160],"(e.g.,":[161],"LLaMA":[162],"3.2,":[163],"Qwen":[164],"2.5),":[165],"their":[167],"use":[168],"planners.":[172],"We":[173],"extensively":[174],"validate":[175],"our":[176],"agent's":[177],"performance":[178],"proposed":[181],"against":[184],"other":[185],"state-of-the-art":[186],"methods":[189],"on":[190],"prompt":[194],"generation":[195],"tasks,":[196],"including":[197],"zero-shot":[199],"VQA":[201],"benchmark,":[202],"demonstrating":[203],"significant":[205],"potential":[206],"truly":[208],"scalable":[211],"operative":[217],"settings.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}
