{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138379839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i23.39021","title":"Socrates or Smartypants: Testing Logic Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models with Logic Programming-Based Test Oracles","display_name":"Socrates or Smartypants: Testing Logic Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models with Logic Programming-Based Test Oracles","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138379839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i23.39021"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i23.39021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i23.39021","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/39021/42983","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/39021/42983","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129657732","display_name":"Zihao Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129653078","display_name":"Junchen Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junchen Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129678024","display_name":"Yiling Lou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiling Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129692894","display_name":"Kun Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129752029","display_name":"Dong Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129709644","display_name":"Yuekang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuekang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"23","first_page":"19433","last_page":"19440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5170999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5170999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.22499999403953552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.05000000074505806,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fallacy","display_name":"Fallacy","score":0.6978999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-consequence","display_name":"Logical consequence","score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-reasoning","display_name":"Automated reasoning","score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-programming","display_name":"Logic programming","score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prolog","display_name":"Prolog","score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-monotonic-logic","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","score":0.3528999984264374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7182999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781035248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186150","display_name":"Fallacy","level":2,"score":0.6978999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.569599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134752490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374182","display_name":"Logical consequence","level":2,"score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128838566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275603","display_name":"Logic programming","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81721847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163468","display_name":"Prolog","level":2,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775940519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17067742","display_name":"Logic model","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43971567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3142865","display_name":"Logical reasoning","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21563000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484511","display_name":"Inductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193221554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5153664","display_name":"Commonsense reasoning","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21847791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191081","display_name":"Logical conjunction","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778790839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667497","display_name":"Logical form","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i23.39021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i23.39021","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/39021/42983","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i23.39021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i23.39021","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/39021/42983","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138379839.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138379839.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"achieved":[5],"significant":[6],"progress":[7],"in":[8,153],"language":[9,136],"understanding":[10],"and":[11,14,27,53,70,80,91,99,105,155,160],"reasoning.":[12],"Evaluating":[13],"analyzing":[15],"their":[16],"logical":[17,65,78],"reasoning":[18,176,183],"abilities":[19],"has":[20],"therefore":[21],"become":[22],"essential.":[23],"However,":[24],"existing":[25,68],"datasets":[26,69],"benchmarks":[28],"are":[29,130],"often":[30],"limited":[31],"to":[32,42,123,157],"overly":[33],"simplistic,":[34],"unnatural,":[35],"or":[36],"contextually":[37],"constrained":[38],"examples.":[39],"In":[40],"response":[41],"the":[43,89,93],"growing":[44],"demand,":[45],"we":[46,108],"introduce":[47,109],"SMARTYPAT-BENCH,":[48],"a":[49],"challenging,":[50],"naturally":[51],"expressed,":[52],"systematically":[54,124],"labeled":[55],"benchmark":[56],"derived":[57],"from":[58],"real-world":[59],"high-quality":[60],"Reddit":[61],"posts":[62],"containing":[63],"subtle":[64],"fallacies.":[66],"Unlike":[67],"benchmarks,":[71],"it":[72],"provides":[73],"more":[74,82],"detailed":[75],"annotations":[76],"of":[77,95],"fallacies":[79,151],"features":[81],"diverse":[83],"data.":[84],"To":[85],"further":[86],"scale":[87],"up":[88],"study":[90],"address":[92],"limitations":[94],"manual":[96],"data":[97],"collection":[98],"labeling,":[100],"such":[101],"as":[102],"fallacy-type":[103],"imbalance":[104],"labor-intensive":[106],"annotation,":[107],"SMARTYPAT,":[110],"an":[111],"automated":[112],"framework":[113],"powered":[114],"by":[115,138],"logic":[116],"programming-based":[117],"oracles.":[118],"SMARTYPAT":[119,149],"utilizes":[120],"Prolog":[121],"rules":[122],"generate":[125],"logically":[126],"fallacious":[127],"statements,":[128],"which":[129],"then":[131],"refined":[132],"into":[133,169],"fluent":[134],"natural":[135],"sentences":[137],"LLMs,":[139],"ensuring":[140],"precise":[141],"fallacy":[142,179,185],"rep-":[143],"resentation.":[144],"Extensive":[145],"evaluation":[146],"demonstrates":[147],"that":[148,173],"produces":[150],"comparable":[152],"subtlety":[154],"quality":[156],"human-generated":[158],"content":[159],"significantly":[161],"outperforms":[162],"baseline":[163],"methods.":[164],"Finally,":[165],"experiments":[166],"reveal":[167],"insights":[168],"LLM":[170],"capabilities,":[171],"highlighting":[172],"while":[174],"excessive":[175],"steps":[177],"hinder":[178],"detection":[180],"accuracy,":[181],"structured":[182],"enhances":[184],"categorization":[186],"performance.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}