{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7137881074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38748","title":"Pricing Online LLM Services with Data-Calibrated Stackelberg Routing Game","display_name":"Pricing Online LLM Services with Data-Calibrated Stackelberg Routing Game","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7137881074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38748"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38748","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/38748/42710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/38748/42710","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101335135","display_name":"Zhendong Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090971","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf0ab87","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhendong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015937427","display_name":"Wenchao Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6526-1415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090971","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf0ab87","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129699765","display_name":"Jiahui Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090971","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf0ab87","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"20","first_page":"17005","last_page":"17013"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.1451999992132187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.1451999992132187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.04910000041127205,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.6714000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.6327999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.5436000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.49869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-pricing","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multihoming","display_name":"Multihoming","score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4268999993801117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7437999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.6714000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.6327999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.5436000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.49869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65714651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662626","display_name":"Multihoming","level":4,"score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140781008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221081","display_name":"Service quality","level":3,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8505890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605095","display_name":"Budget constraint","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777780509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377422","display_name":"Profit maximization","level":3,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38748","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/38748/42710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i20.38748","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/38748/42710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7137881074.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7137881074.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,25,158,168],"Large":[3],"Language":[4],"Models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"has":[7],"established":[8],"LLM":[9,35,75],"routing":[10,36],"as":[11,82],"a":[12,63,83,122],"standard":[13],"service":[14,43,80],"delivery":[15],"mechanism,":[16],"where":[17,86],"users":[18,91],"select":[19,92],"models":[20,78],"based":[21,94],"on":[22,95,149],"cost,":[23,109],"Quality":[24],"Service":[26],"(QoS),":[27],"among":[28],"other":[29],"things.":[30],"However,":[31],"optimal":[32,160,170],"pricing":[33,72,136,145],"in":[34,49,73],"platforms":[37],"requires":[38],"precise":[39],"modeling":[40],"for":[41,69],"dynamic":[42,71],"markets,":[44],"and":[45,66,90,111],"solving":[46],"this":[47,58],"problem":[48],"real":[50],"time":[51],"at":[52],"scale":[53],"is":[54],"computationally":[55],"intractable.":[56],"In":[57],"paper,":[59],"we":[60,103,120],"propose":[61],"PriLLM,":[62],"novel":[64],"practical":[65],"scalable":[67],"solution":[68],"real-time":[70],"competitive":[74],"routing.":[76],"PriLLM":[77,139,154],"the":[79,116,159,169],"market":[81,101],"Stackelberg":[84],"game,":[85],"providers":[87],"set":[88],"prices":[89],"services":[93],"multiple":[96],"criteria.":[97],"To":[98],"capture":[99],"real-world":[100,150],"dynamics,":[102],"incorporate":[104],"both":[105],"objective":[106],"factors":[107],"(eg":[108],"QoS)":[110],"subjective":[112],"user":[113],"preferences":[114],"into":[115],"model.":[117],"For":[118],"scalability,":[119],"employ":[121],"deep":[123],"aggregation":[124],"network":[125],"to":[126],"learn":[127],"provider":[128],"abstraction":[129],"that":[130,153],"preserve":[131],"user-side":[132],"equilibrium":[133],"behavior":[134],"across":[135],"strategies.":[137],"Moreover,":[138],"offers":[140],"interpretability":[141],"by":[142],"explaining":[143],"its":[144],"decisions.":[146],"Empirical":[147],"evaluation":[148],"data":[151],"shows":[152],"achieves":[155],"over":[156],"95%":[157],"profit":[161],"while":[162],"only":[163],"requiring":[164],"less":[165],"than":[166],"5%":[167],"solution's":[171],"computation":[172],"time.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}