{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138134903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i2.37103","title":"Sim-to-Real: An Unsupervised Noise Layer for Screen-Camera Watermarking Robustness","display_name":"Sim-to-Real: An Unsupervised Noise Layer for Screen-Camera Watermarking Robustness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138134903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i2.37103"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i2.37103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i2.37103","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/37103/41065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/37103/41065","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129752867","display_name":"Yufeng Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufeng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997","https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129704678","display_name":"Xin Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997","https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129738943","display_name":"Baowei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baowei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, the School of Computer Science, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China\nJiangsu Yuchi Blockchain Technology Research Institute, Nanjing 210000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, the School of Computer Science, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China\nJiangsu Yuchi Blockchain Technology Research Institute, Nanjing 210000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129696051","display_name":"Han Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129686992","display_name":"Xiaoshuai Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoshuai Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997","https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129671098","display_name":"Mingyue Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyue Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997","https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129676004","display_name":"Guiling Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guiling Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39245014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"1303","last_page":"1310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7434999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-measurement","display_name":"Noise measurement","score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3903000056743622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7434999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6924999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6222000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35772409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323086","display_name":"Image noise","level":3,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781170535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30587856","display_name":"Noisy data","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i2.37103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i2.37103","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/37103/41065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i2.37103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i2.37103","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/37103/41065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7416773438453674}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138134903.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138134903.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unauthorized":[0],"screen":[1],"capturing":[2],"and":[3,13,83,102,144,206],"dissemination":[4],"pose":[5],"severe":[6],"security":[7],"threats":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10,47,172],"data":[11,96,133],"leakage":[12],"information":[14],"theft.":[15],"Several":[16],"studies":[17],"propose":[18,123],"robust":[19],"watermarking":[20,53],"methods":[21],"to":[22,51,76,97,109,134,159,167,209],"track":[23],"the":[24,48,77,81,84,89,99,107,112,115,119,136,139,145,154,177,184,196,199],"copyright":[25],"of":[26,66,80,86,114,183,187,198],"Screen-Camera":[27],"(SC)":[28],"images,":[29],"facilitating":[30],"post-hoc":[31],"certification":[32],"against":[33,55],"infringement.":[34],"These":[35],"techniques":[36],"typically":[37],"employ":[38],"heuristic":[39],"mathematical":[40],"modeling":[41],"or":[42],"supervised":[43],"neural":[44],"network":[45],"fitting":[46],"noise":[49,82,90,129,142,148,180],"layer,":[50],"enhance":[52],"robustness":[54,205],"SC.":[56],"However,":[57],"both":[58],"strategies":[59],"cannot":[60],"fundamentally":[61],"achieve":[62],"an":[63,127],"effective":[64],"approximation":[65],"SC":[67,147],"noise.":[68,116],"Mathematical":[69],"simulation":[70,166],"suffers":[71],"from":[72,156,165],"biased":[73],"approximations":[74],"due":[75],"incomplete":[78],"decomposition":[79],"absence":[85],"interdependence":[87],"among":[88],"components.":[91],"Supervised":[92],"networks":[93],"require":[94],"paired":[95],"train":[98],"noise-fitting":[100],"model,":[101],"it":[103,173],"is":[104,169],"difficult":[105],"for":[106],"model":[108],"learn":[110,135],"all":[111],"features":[113],"To":[117],"address":[118],"above":[120],"issues,":[121],"we":[122],"Simulation-to-Real":[124],"(S2R).":[125],"Specifically,":[126],"unsupervised":[128],"layer":[130],"employs":[131],"unpaired":[132],"discrepancy":[137],"between":[138],"modeled":[140],"simulated":[141],"distribution":[143],"real-world":[146,160],"distribution,":[149],"rather":[150],"than":[151],"directly":[152],"learning":[153],"mapping":[155],"sharp":[157],"images":[158],"images.":[161],"Learning":[162],"this":[163],"transformation":[164],"reality":[168],"inherently":[170],"simpler,":[171],"primarily":[174],"involves":[175],"bridging":[176],"gap":[178],"in":[179],"distributions,":[181],"instead":[182],"complex":[185],"task":[186],"reconstructing":[188],"fine-grained":[189],"image":[190],"details.":[191],"Extensive":[192],"experimental":[193],"results":[194],"validate":[195],"efficacy":[197],"proposed":[200],"method,":[201],"demonstrating":[202],"superior":[203],"watermark":[204],"generalization":[207],"compared":[208],"state-of-the-art":[210],"methods.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}