{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138031529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i12.38005","title":"Verb Mirage: Unveiling and Assessing Verb Concept Hallucinations in Multimodal Large Language Models","display_name":"Verb Mirage: Unveiling and Assessing Verb Concept Hallucinations in Multimodal Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138031529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i12.38005"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i12.38005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i12.38005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i12.38005","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129749039","display_name":"Zehao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zehao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129689905","display_name":"Xinpeng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158445","display_name":"Institute of Natural Science","ror":"https://ror.org/004tze884","country_code":"KP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158445"]}],"countries":["CN","KP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinpeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University\nShanghai Innovation Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University\nShanghai Innovation Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I4210158445"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129726653","display_name":"Yudonglin Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yudonglin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129722194","display_name":"Xiaoqian Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqian Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048127669","display_name":"Zhou Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-6694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114025598","display_name":"Yifan Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8776-1808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129661960","display_name":"Junfu Pu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfu Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ARC Lab, Tencent PCG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ARC Lab, Tencent PCG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129716230","display_name":"Cewu Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158445","display_name":"Institute of Natural Science","ror":"https://ror.org/004tze884","country_code":"KP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158445"]}],"countries":["CN","KP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cewu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University\nShanghai Innovation Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University\nShanghai Innovation Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I4210158445"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129649273","display_name":"Yong-Lu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158445","display_name":"Institute of Natural Science","ror":"https://ror.org/004tze884","country_code":"KP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158445"]}],"countries":["CN","KP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong-Lu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University\nShanghai Innovation Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University\nShanghai Innovation Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I4210158445"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5129749039"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23231358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"12","first_page":"10349","last_page":"10357"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1680999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1680999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.10660000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.07540000230073929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verb","display_name":"Verb","score":0.9248999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflexive-verb","display_name":"Reflexive verb","score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-hallucination","display_name":"Visual Hallucination","score":0.3416999876499176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776397901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24905","display_name":"Verb","level":2,"score":0.9248999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.529699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111360854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13475484","display_name":"Reflexive verb","level":4,"score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908998935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130741","display_name":"Visual Hallucination","level":2,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48314727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560570","display_name":"Modal verb","level":3,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i12.38005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i12.38005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i12.38005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i12.38005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimodal":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(MLLMs)":[4],"have":[5,32,61],"garnered":[6],"significant":[7],"attention":[8],"recently":[9],"and":[10,122],"demonstrate":[11,154],"outstanding":[12],"capabilities":[13],"in":[14,113],"various":[15,87],"tasks":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18],"OCR,":[19],"VQA,":[20],"captioning,":[21],"etc.":[22],"However,":[23],"hallucination":[24,82,112],"remains":[25],"a":[26,138],"persistent":[27],"issue.":[28],"While":[29],"numerous":[30],"methods":[31,42,108,121],"been":[33,62],"proposed":[34],"to":[35,49,68,78,115,162],"mitigate":[36],"hallucinations,":[37],"achieving":[38,148],"notable":[39],"improvements,":[40],"these":[41,120],"primarily":[43],"focus":[44],"on":[45,142],"mitigating":[46],"hallucinations":[47,160],"related":[48,161],"object/noun":[50],"concepts.":[51],"Verb":[52],"concepts,":[53],"which":[54],"are":[55,75],"crucial":[56],"for":[57,109],"understanding":[58],"human":[59],"actions,":[60],"largely":[63],"overlooked.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66,134],"paper,":[67],"the":[69,76,80,103],"best":[70],"of":[71,84,105],"our":[72,156],"knowledge,":[73,147],"we":[74,118,136],"first":[77],"investigate":[79],"verb":[81,99,116,130,146],"phenomenon":[83],"MLLMs":[85,95],"from":[86,97],"perspectives.":[88],"Our":[89],"findings":[90],"reveal":[91],"that":[92,124,155],"most":[93],"state-of-the-art":[94],"suffer":[96],"severe":[98],"hallucination.":[100,131],"To":[101,132],"assess":[102],"effectiveness":[104],"existing":[106],"mitigation":[107],"object":[110],"concept":[111],"relation":[114],"hallucination,":[117],"evaluated":[119],"found":[123],"they":[125],"do":[126],"not":[127],"effectively":[128],"address":[129,133],"issue,":[135],"propose":[137],"baseline":[139],"method":[140,157],"based":[141],"fine-tuning":[143],"with":[144],"rich":[145],"decent":[149],"superiority.":[150],"The":[151],"experiment":[152],"results":[153],"significantly":[158],"reduces":[159],"verbs.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}