{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138387144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i10.37734","title":"VALIANT: Prompt Instability for Active Learning in Black-Box Medical Imaging","display_name":"VALIANT: Prompt Instability for Active Learning in Black-Box Medical Imaging","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138387144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i10.37734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i10.37734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i10.37734","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/37734/41696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/37734/41696","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129750709","display_name":"Dwarikanath Mahapatra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dwarikanath Mahapatra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058274549","display_name":"Behzad Bozorgtabar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5759-4896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/03yrrjy16","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH","DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behzad Bozorgtabar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark\nEPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark\nEPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129701359","display_name":"Sudipta Roy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169877490","display_name":"University of Mumbai","ror":"https://ror.org/032hdk172","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169877490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153931","display_name":"D.Y. Patil University","ror":"https://ror.org/045qb5273","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudipta Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jio University, Navi Mumbai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jio University, Navi Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169877490","https://openalex.org/I4210153931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121288446","display_name":"Imran Razzak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Razzak","raw_affiliation_strings":["MBZUAI, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBZUAI, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105451575","display_name":"Mauricio Reyes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801112126","display_name":"University Hospital of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/01q9sj412","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauricio Reyes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bern, Switzerland\nDept. of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bern, Switzerland\nDept. of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801112126"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21163514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"10","first_page":"7901","last_page":"7909"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.3874000012874603,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.3874000012874603,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.19709999859333038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.07109999656677246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.6047000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.40230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6780999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.6047000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.3727000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779321571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936605","display_name":"Visual learning","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i10.37734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i10.37734","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/37734/41696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.aaai.org:article/37734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/37734","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2159-5399","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i10.37734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i10.37734","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/37734/41696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7597642540931702,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138387144.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138387144.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"deployment":[1],"of":[2,18,175],"large,":[3,20],"black-box":[4,70],"foundation":[5,71],"models":[6,72],"for":[7,24,57,132,188],"medical":[8,159,189],"image":[9,190],"classification":[10],"is":[11,103],"often":[12],"hindered":[13],"by":[14,73,141],"the":[15,128,133],"high":[16],"cost":[17],"acquiring":[19],"task-specific":[21,93],"labeled":[22],"datasets":[23,160],"fine-tuning.":[25],"While":[26],"active":[27,63,177],"learning":[28,64,178],"(AL)":[29],"presents":[30],"a":[31,61,79,104,114,173,183],"promising":[32],"solution,":[33],"many":[34],"state-of-the-art":[35],"AL":[36],"methods":[37],"are":[38],"computationally":[39,115],"expensive":[40],"or":[41],"require":[42],"full":[43],"access":[44],"to":[45,67,91,112,149,172],"internal":[46,97],"model":[47,98],"parameters.":[48],"We":[49],"present":[50],"VALIANT":[51,77,136],"(Visual":[52],"Adaptation":[53],"and":[54,165,185],"Learning":[55],"Integration":[56],"Active":[58],"learNing":[59],"Tasks),":[60],"new":[62],"framework":[65],"designed":[66],"efficiently":[68],"adapt":[69],"overcoming":[74],"these":[75],"limitations.":[76],"introduces":[78],"lightweight":[80],"Visual":[81],"Prompt":[82],"Decoder":[83],"(VIPD),":[84],"trained":[85],"via":[86],"unsupervised":[87,146],"Zero-Order":[88],"Optimization":[89],"(ZOO),":[90],"generate":[92,150],"visual":[94,153],"prompts":[95],"without":[96],"access.":[99],"Our":[100],"core":[101],"contribution":[102],"perturbation-based":[105],"ranking":[106],"strategy":[107],"that":[108],"leverages":[109],"this":[110,139],"VIPD":[111],"formulate":[113],"efficient,":[116],"gradient-aware":[117],"informativeness":[118],"metric.":[119],"This":[120],"metric,":[121],"which":[122],"we":[123],"term":[124],"prompt":[125],"instability,":[126],"identifies":[127],"most":[129],"impactful":[130],"samples":[131],"labeling":[134,169],"budget.":[135],"further":[137],"enhances":[138],"process":[140],"incorporating":[142],"anatomical":[143],"information":[144],"from":[145],"segmentation":[147],"maps":[148],"more":[151],"discriminative":[152],"prompts.":[154],"Extensive":[155],"evaluations":[156],"on":[157],"multiple":[158],"demonstrate":[161],"VALIANT\u2019s":[162],"superior":[163],"performance":[164],"significant":[166],"reduction":[167],"in":[168],"costs":[170],"compared":[171],"range":[174],"existing":[176],"techniques,":[179],"positioning":[180],"it":[181],"as":[182],"scalable":[184],"practical":[186],"solution":[187],"analysis.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}