{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964348592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016875","title":"HAS-QA: Hierarchical Answer Spans Model for Open-Domain Question Answering","display_name":"HAS-QA: Hierarchical Answer Spans Model for Open-Domain Question Answering","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964348592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016875","mag":"2964348592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016875","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4664/4542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4664/4542","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004759804","display_name":"Liang Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1161-8546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101616866","display_name":"Yanyan Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7811-3262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyan Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088621320","display_name":"Jiafeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020766468","display_name":"Jun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7170-111X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Renmin University of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Renmin University of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076267273","display_name":"Lixin Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029998682","display_name":"Xueqi Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"01","first_page":"6875","last_page":"6882"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paragraph","display_name":"Paragraph","score":0.8172539472579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.7735484838485718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7348836660385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7294518351554871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5221753120422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5139102935791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.49852705001831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/span","display_name":"Span (engineering)","score":0.4555162489414215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4516694247722626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.4403773546218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4329652786254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.42465242743492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-domain","display_name":"Open domain","score":0.42249882221221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.34896400570869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1018521785736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.09483620524406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09286734461784363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777206241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194431","display_name":"Paragraph","level":2,"score":0.8172539472579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.7735484838485718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7348836660385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7294518351554871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5221753120422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5139102935791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49852705001831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778753569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960395","display_name":"Span (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4555162489414215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4516694247722626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4403773546218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4329652786254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.42465242743492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993776861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Open domain","level":3,"score":0.42249882221221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.34896400570869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1018521785736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.09483620524406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09286734461784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016875","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4664/4542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.aaai.org:article/4664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/4664","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2159-5399","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016875","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4664/4542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1084062135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20144310","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1185699554","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u68c0\u7d22\u6392\u5e8f\u6a21\u578b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G28339798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4058633085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61425016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5377918817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61722211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6135950054","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u6d88\u8d39\u884c\u4e3a\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7528\u6237\u5efa\u6a21\u4e0e\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u63a8\u8350\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61472401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7396901304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G813604917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20144310, and 2016102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2964348592.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2964348592.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6908809","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2171278097","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2252136820","https://openalex.org/W2516930406","https://openalex.org/W2551396370","https://openalex.org/W2552027021","https://openalex.org/W2563376007","https://openalex.org/W2600024417","https://openalex.org/W2609826708","https://openalex.org/W2612431505","https://openalex.org/W2617128460","https://openalex.org/W2625541525","https://openalex.org/W2739749670","https://openalex.org/W2740747242","https://openalex.org/W2753329127","https://openalex.org/W2765390718","https://openalex.org/W2962718483","https://openalex.org/W2962808855","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963339397","https://openalex.org/W2963344337","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963863909","https://openalex.org/W4294329082","https://openalex.org/W4299674251","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6691431627","https://openalex.org/W6716577220","https://openalex.org/W6718053083","https://openalex.org/W6725207838","https://openalex.org/W6736172710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951097643","https://openalex.org/W2391533720","https://openalex.org/W4309395021","https://openalex.org/W4307481286","https://openalex.org/W3215363805","https://openalex.org/W204133468","https://openalex.org/W2991310128","https://openalex.org/W2395174199","https://openalex.org/W4226441484","https://openalex.org/W2516703895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"is":[2,91,134],"concerned":[3],"with":[4,93],"open-domain":[5],"question":[6,117],"answering":[7],"(i.e.,":[8],"OpenQA).":[9],"Recently,":[10],"some":[11],"works":[12],"have":[13],"viewed":[14],"this":[15,98],"problem":[16],"as":[17,41],"a":[18,103,111,128],"reading":[19],"comprehension":[20],"(RC)":[21],"task,":[22],"and":[23,122,150,164],"directly":[24],"applied":[25],"successful":[26],"RC":[27,45,53,162],"models":[28,36],"to":[29,136,144],"it.":[30],"However,":[31],"the":[32,44,50,64,70,84,94,116,119,123,142,146],"performances":[33],"of":[34,52,87,107],"such":[35],"are":[37,67],"not":[38],"so":[39],"good":[40],"that":[42,157],"in":[43,57,69],"task.":[46],"In":[47,97],"our":[48],"opinion,":[49],"perspective":[51],"ignores":[54],"three":[55,148],"characteristics":[56],"OpenQA":[58,154,166],"task:":[59],"1)":[60],"many":[61],"paragraphs":[62],"without":[63],"answer":[65,75,89,124],"span":[66,90,125],"included":[68],"data":[71],"collection;":[72],"2)":[73],"multiple":[74],"spans":[76],"may":[77],"exist":[78],"within":[79],"one":[80],"given":[81],"paragraph;":[82],"3)":[83],"end":[85],"position":[86],"an":[88],"dependent":[92],"start":[95],"position.":[96],"paper,":[99],"we":[100],"first":[101],"propose":[102],"new":[104],"probabilistic":[105],"formulation":[106],"OpenQA,":[108],"based":[109],"on":[110,152],"three-level":[112],"hierarchical":[113],"structure,":[114],"i.e.,":[115],"level,":[118],"paragraph":[120],"level":[121],"level.":[126],"Then":[127],"Hierarchical":[129],"Answer":[130],"Spans":[131],"Model":[132],"(HASQA)":[133],"designed":[135],"capture":[137],"each":[138],"probability.":[139],"HAS-QA":[140],"has":[141],"ability":[143],"tackle":[145],"above":[147],"problems,":[149],"experiments":[151],"public":[153],"datasets":[155],"show":[156],"it":[158],"significantly":[159],"outperforms":[160],"traditional":[161],"baselines":[163],"recent":[165],"baselines.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
