{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904362269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014164","title":"Structural Causal Bandits with Non-Manipulable Variables","display_name":"Structural Causal Bandits with Non-Manipulable Variables","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904362269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014164","mag":"2904362269"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014164","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4320/4198","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4320/4198","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014657402","display_name":"Sanghack Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7137-6126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sanghack Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039620960","display_name":"Elias Bareinboim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias Bareinboim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014657402"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4119,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96801347,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"01","first_page":"4164","last_page":"4172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12101","display_name":"Advanced Bandit Algorithms Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12101","display_name":"Advanced Bandit Algorithms Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-structure","display_name":"Causal structure","score":0.6966832876205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.6630753874778748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubric","display_name":"Rubric","score":0.6491280198097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6071744561195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.5788767337799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5782095789909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5695555210113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.5431586503982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5039610266685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumental-variable","display_name":"Instrumental variable","score":0.4285935163497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34334561228752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.33725279569625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32982689142227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2800959050655365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2367512285709381}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.6966832876205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6630753874778748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.6491280198097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6071744561195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.5788767337799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5782095789909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5695555210113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5431586503982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5039610266685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.4285935163497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34334561228752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.33725279569625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32982689142227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2800959050655365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2367512285709381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014164","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4320/4198","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014164","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/4320/4198","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6094914696","display_name":"CAREER: Approximate Causal Inference","funder_award_id":"1750807","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904362269.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904362269.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50486269","https://openalex.org/W67356013","https://openalex.org/W188311448","https://openalex.org/W1486066286","https://openalex.org/W1498973410","https://openalex.org/W1501823362","https://openalex.org/W1568555062","https://openalex.org/W1582948757","https://openalex.org/W1992816730","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W1998498767","https://openalex.org/W2009551863","https://openalex.org/W2012126028","https://openalex.org/W2028404160","https://openalex.org/W2039522160","https://openalex.org/W2049910836","https://openalex.org/W2078511984","https://openalex.org/W2108738385","https://openalex.org/W2122124659","https://openalex.org/W2139564895","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2158319693","https://openalex.org/W2184746314","https://openalex.org/W2416991384","https://openalex.org/W2466989778","https://openalex.org/W2603093240","https://openalex.org/W2616287117","https://openalex.org/W2621586846","https://openalex.org/W2740242110","https://openalex.org/W2740396279","https://openalex.org/W2888100319","https://openalex.org/W2891404994","https://openalex.org/W2903571680","https://openalex.org/W2904362269","https://openalex.org/W2962681511","https://openalex.org/W2962743311","https://openalex.org/W2964311196","https://openalex.org/W3100329718","https://openalex.org/W3106889297","https://openalex.org/W4234228486","https://openalex.org/W4237910115","https://openalex.org/W4239777125","https://openalex.org/W4248145776","https://openalex.org/W4299515571","https://openalex.org/W6607806048","https://openalex.org/W6634071051","https://openalex.org/W6648485944","https://openalex.org/W6649611171","https://openalex.org/W6649871043","https://openalex.org/W6662852500","https://openalex.org/W6676077707","https://openalex.org/W6719851490","https://openalex.org/W6756046586","https://openalex.org/W7075292137","https://openalex.org/W7075680496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063908860","https://openalex.org/W3206265976","https://openalex.org/W1979129597","https://openalex.org/W1581275382","https://openalex.org/W2195678348","https://openalex.org/W2973329412","https://openalex.org/W2931258011","https://openalex.org/W2965253951","https://openalex.org/W3102579384","https://openalex.org/W3214270428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Causal":[0],"knowledge":[1,211,252],"is":[2,23,32,115,124,135,144],"sought":[3],"after":[4],"throughout":[5],"data-driven":[6],"fields":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,16,34,43,59,87,163],"its":[10,28],"explanatory":[11],"power":[12],"and":[13,38,76,130,212,253],"potential":[14],"value":[15],"inform":[17],"decision-making.":[18],"If":[19],"the":[20,53,66,69,99,105,122,172,188,214,234,255],"targeted":[21],"system":[22,58,123],"well-understood":[24],"in":[25,65,121,217],"terms":[26],"of":[27,51,56,71,95,112,174,187],"causal":[29,54,73,90,107,190,210,251],"components,":[30],"one":[31],"able":[33],"design":[35],"more":[36],"precise":[37],"surgical":[39],"interventions":[40],"so":[41],"as":[42,206],"bring":[44],"certain":[45],"desired":[46],"outcomes":[47],"about.":[48],"The":[49],"idea":[50],"leveraging":[52,254],"understanding":[55],"a":[57,89,93,145,184,202],"improve":[60],"decision-making":[61],"has":[62],"been":[63],"studied":[64],"literature":[67],"under":[68],"rubric":[70],"structural":[72,189,218],"bandits":[74,219],"(Lee":[75],"Bareinboim,":[77],"2018).":[78,178],"In":[79,138,179],"this":[80,113,143,180],"setting,":[81],"(1)":[82],"pulling":[83],"an":[84,226],"arm":[85],"corresponds":[86],"performing":[88],"intervention":[91],"on":[92],"set":[94],"variables,":[96],"while":[97,151],"(2)":[98],"associated":[100],"rewards":[101],"are":[102,197],"governed":[103],"by":[104,170],"underlying":[106],"mechanisms.":[108],"One":[109],"key":[110],"assumption":[111],"work":[114],"that":[116,128,156,204,228,246],"any":[117],"observed":[118],"variable":[119],"(X)":[120],"manipulable,":[125],"which":[126,244],"means":[127],"intervening":[129],"making":[131],"do(X":[132],"=":[133],"x)":[134],"always":[136],"realizable.":[137],"many":[139],"real-world":[140],"scenarios,":[141],"however,":[142],"too":[146],"stringent":[147],"requirement.":[148],"For":[149],"instance,":[150],"scientific":[152],"evidence":[153],"may":[154],"support":[155],"obesity":[157,165],"shortens":[158],"life,":[159],"it\u2019s":[160],"not":[161,194],"feasible":[162],"manipulate":[164],"directly,":[166],"but,":[167],"for":[168],"example,":[169],"decreasing":[171],"amount":[173],"soda":[175],"consumption":[176],"(Pearl,":[177],"paper,":[181],"we":[182,200,238],"study":[183],"relaxed":[185],"version":[186],"bandit":[191],"problem":[192],"when":[193],"all":[195],"variables":[196],"manipulable.":[198],"Specifically,":[199],"develop":[201],"procedure":[203],"takes":[205],"argument":[207],"partially":[208],"specified":[209],"identifies":[213],"possibly-optimal":[215,235],"arms":[216,261],"with":[220,242,250],"non-manipulable":[221],"variables.":[222],"We":[223],"further":[224],"introduce":[225],"algorithm":[227],"uncovers":[229],"non-trivial":[230],"dependence":[231,258],"structure":[232,259],"among":[233,260],"arms.":[236],"Finally,":[237],"corroborate":[239],"our":[240],"findings":[241],"simulations,":[243],"shows":[245],"MAB":[247],"solvers":[248],"enhanced":[249],"newly":[256],"discovered":[257],"consistently":[262],"outperform":[263],"causal-insensitive":[264],"solvers.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}